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High School > Social Studies 30-1 > Flashcards

Social Studies 30-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adherence to collective norms

A

Living up to the standards of society may be considered a daily responsibility

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2
Q

American Bill of Rights

A

The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. Based on Locke’s concept of “natural rights” these include:
• Life
• Liberty
• Protection of property

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3
Q

Anti-Terrorism Act

A

A set of laws passed in response to 9/11 giving the Canadian government special powers such as surveillance and detention for dealing with people thought to be associated with terrorism

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4
Q

Anti-war movements

A

Organized campaigns against war

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5
Q

Authoritarianism

A

A form of government with authority vested in an elite group

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6
Q

Autonomy

A

A state of individual freedom outside authority

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7
Q

Beliefs and values

A

Important aspects of identity

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8
Q

Brinkmanship

A

International behaviour or foreign policy that takes a country to the brink of war

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9
Q

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

A

A document entrenched in the Constitutional Act, 1982 that lists and describes the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to Canadians

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10
Q

Capital

A

The money or other assets with which an entrepreneur starts in business

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11
Q

Censorship

A

The act of restricting freedom of expression or freedom of access to ideas or works to protect the perceived common good

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12
Q

Chartism

A

A working-class movement in Britain that focused on political and social reform from 1838 to 1848

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13
Q

Citizenship

A

Membership by birth or naturalization in a nation that entails definable rights and certain responsibilities to the society, community, or country

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14
Q

Civility

A

Thoughtfulness about how our actions may affect others, based on the recognition that human beings live together.

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15
Q

Class system

A

The change of social classes (Class structure)

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16
Q

Classical conservatism

A

Change cannot be dictated by the whims of the present generation, change, has to honour the citizens of the past and future

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17
Q

Cold War

A

The political, economic, and social struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States conducted using propaganda, economic, measures, and espionage rather than military means

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18
Q

Collective identity

A

The identity that you share with other people as a member of a larger social group, such as linguistic, faith, cultural, or ethnic group

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19
Q

Collective interest

A

The set of interests that members of a group have in common

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20
Q

Collective responsibility

A

Holding the whole group responsible for the actions of individuals (or individual groups) within the group

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21
Q

Collectivisation

A

An economic policy where all land is taken away from private owners and combined in large, collectively worked farms

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22
Q

Collectivism

A

The ideology that the collective body is more important than the individual

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23
Q

Command economy

A

The government decides which goods are produced, how they are produced, and at what prices they are sold

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24
Q

Common good

A

The good of a community; something that benefits the public health, safety, and/or well-being of society as a whole

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25
Q

Communism

A

A system of society with property vested in the community and each member working for the common benefit and receiving according to his or her needs

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26
Q

Competition

A

Working towards the common good as suppliers compete to hire the most desirable employees and have the best prices

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27
Q

Consensus decision making

A

A process whereby a group of individuals share ideas, solutions, and concerns to find a resolution to a problem that all members of the group can accept

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28
Q

Consumerism

A

Consumer spending; a set of values focused on the acquisition and display of things in order to denote status

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29
Q

Containment

A

The American Cold War foreign policy of containing the spread of communism by establishing strategic allies around the world through trade and military alliances

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30
Q

Cooperation

A

The means through which members of a group or a collective achieve their common goals

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31
Q

Democracy

A

A form of government in which power is ultimately vested in the people

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32
Q

Détente

A

A period of the Cold War during which the major powers tried to lessen the tensions between them through diplomacy, arms talks and reductions, and cultural exchanges

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33
Q

Deterrence

A

The Cold War foreign policy of both major powers aiming to deter the strategic advances of the other through arms development and arms build up. Also known as dissuasion (French)

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34
Q

Dictatorship of the proletariat

A

The centralized government of the state, which would be elected by the workers, would control all aspects of life (Early stages of communism)

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35
Q

Direct democracy

A

A form of government in which the people participate in deciding issues directly

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36
Q

Dissent

A

The political act of disagreeing; the right to disagree

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37
Q

Divine right of kings

A

The doctrine that that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God

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38
Q

Economic equality

A

A principle common to collectivist ideologies, which have different meanings depending on the person or the ideology. Governments may try to foster economic equality through tax policies and by ensuring that all people earn equal wages for work of similar value.

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39
Q

Economic freedom

A

The freedom to buy what you want and to sell what you want to whomever you wish

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40
Q

Egalitarianism

A

A political principle that holds that all people should be treated as equals and allowed equal civil, social, political, and economic rights under the law

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41
Q

Emancipation

A

Freeing from restraint, especially legal, social, or political

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42
Q

Emergency and security legislation

A

Allows governments to invoke special measures to deal with emergencies and is designed to protect citizens’ fundamental rights and freedoms even in a time of crisis.

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43
Q

Enclosure

A

Land that had been held in common becomes the private property of an individual

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44
Q

Enfranchisement

A

Granting people the rights of citizens, especially the right to vote

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45
Q

Enlightenment

A

An intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries when classical liberalism spread through Europe and changed some people’s beliefs about religion, reason, nature, and human beings; also called the Age of Reason.

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46
Q

Expansionism

A

A country’s foreign policy of acquiring additional territory through the violation of another country’s sovereignty

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47
Q

Extremism

A

A term used by others to describe the beliefs and actions of those perceived to be outside of the accepted norms of political or social behavior

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48
Q

Fascism

A

An extreme, right-wing anti-democratic nationalist movement which led to totalitarian forms of governments in Germany and Italy from the 1920s to the 1940s

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49
Q

Feminism

A

The belief that men and women are to be treated equally in all respects

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50
Q

Free Market

A

Limited government intervention in the market. Relies on the choices that rational individuals make in their own self-interest

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51
Q

Global citizenship

A

Being a citizen of the world; a feeling of responsibility, beyond a country’s borders, toward humanity

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52
Q

Hegemony

A

Political control exerted by one group over others

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53
Q

Human rights

A

Also known as “natural rights”, the rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled

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54
Q

Humanists

A

Someone who believes in the supremacy of reason of individuals over faith

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55
Q

Humanitarianism

A

Trying to improve the lives of others and to reduce their suffering through various means, including social reform and aid

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56
Q

Ideology

A

A set of principles or ideas that explain our world and our place within it

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57
Q

Illiberal

A

Ideologies opposed to the values, beliefs, and principles of liberalism

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58
Q

Income disparity

A

Difference in earnings between the rich and the poor

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59
Q

Indian Act

A

An act of Parliament first passed in 1867, dealing with the governance of reserves and the rights and benefits of registered First Nations individuals

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60
Q

Individual rights and freedoms

A 
Key principle of individualism and an important feature of liberal democracies
•	Freedom of religion
•	Freedom of association
•	Right to life
•	Right to liberty
•	Right to security of the person
•	Right to vote.
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61
Q

Individual rights, roles, and responsibilities

A

The individual gives consent in establishing society, but the individual has an obligation to obey laws

62
Q

Individualism

A

A current of thinking that values the freedom and worth of the individual, over the security and harmony of the group

63
Q

Industrialization

A

The transfer from manual labor and agricultural and mercantile society to machines and an industrial society

64
Q

Inflation

A

An increase in the general price level of products, the cost of labour, and interest rates

65
Q

Iron curtain

A

A phrase coined by Winston Churchill in 1947 describing the barrier between the democratic capitalist United States and communist Soviet Union

66
Q

Jus sanguinis

A

The right by blood: the citizenship and nationality of a child is the same as the natural parents, wherever the child is born

67
Q

Jus soli

A

The right of the soil: a person’s citizenship or nationality is determined by place of birth

68
Q

“Just war”

A

The idea that a country is right to go to war for certain reasons (defense, protection, ect.)

69
Q

Kyoto protocol

A

An agreement reached at an international convention at which world leaders met to discuss climate change and create a plan for reducing greenhouse gases

70
Q

Kyoto targets

A

The reduced levels of greenhouse gas emissions for each country set by the Kyoto Protocol

71
Q

Labour movement

A

The effort by organized labour to improve conditions for workers

72
Q

Labour standards

A

Government-enforced rules and standards aimed at safe, clean working environments, and the protection of workers’ rights to free association, collective bargaining, and freedom from discrimination

73
Q

Labour unions

A

A collective group of workers with the right to organize and bargain collectively

74
Q

Laissez-faire capitalism

A

Leave people alone to do as they wish
Individual self-interest will lead to the improvement of society. An economic system based on free markets, fair competition, wise consumers, and profit-motivated producers

75
Q

Language legislation

A

Laws regarding the official language of a state

76
Q

Liberalism

A

A collection of ideologies all committed to the principle of the dignity and freedom of the individual as the foundation for society

77
Q

Liberation movements

A

Military and political struggles of people for independence from countries that have colonized or otherwise oppressed them

78
Q

Limited government

A

The principle of little government involvement in the affairs of an economy, in the belief that this results in more efficient self-regulating markets

79
Q

Luddism

A

A protest movement of the early 1800s against industrialization and mechanization. Protesters broke into factories and destroyed machines

80
Q

Marxism

A

Radical form of socialism where to overthrow capitalism there had to be some sort of class struggle (Scientific socialism/communism)

81
Q

McCarthysim

A

An anti-communist movement in the United States during the 1950s led by Republican senator Joseph McCarthy to uncover and persecute perceived “communists”

82
Q

Mercantilism

A

The aim of all economic pursuits should be to strengthen the power and wealth of the state

83
Q

Military dictatorship

A

A form of government in which political power resides with the military leadership

84
Q

Mixed economy

A

An economic system based on free-market principles but with some government regulation (modern liberalism)

85
Q

Monopoly

A

The exclusive ownership or control of trade in a particular good or service

86
Q

Mutually assured destruction (MAD)

A

A situation that would result from an unwinnable nuclear war. Ideally deters each side from entering into direct conflict

87
Q

Naturalization

A

The process of applying for citizenship and becoming a citizen

88
Q

Neo-conservatism

A

An ideology that emerged in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a reaction against modern liberal principles.
Some aspects may include:
• Challenging modern liberalism in favour of classical liberalism
• Challenging both classical and modern liberalism in favour of specific classical liberalist principles
• Challenging both classical and modern liberal principles in favour of family and traditional values

89
Q

New Deal

A

Roosevelt’s series of programs that focused on relief to the unemployed, reform to the economy, and recovery from the Depression

90
Q

Nonalignment

A

The position taken during the Cold War by those countries in the United Nations that did not form an alliance with either the United States or the Soviet Union. This group of countries became a third voting bloc within the UN and pushed for more aid for the developing world

91
Q

Nouveau riche

A

The newly wealthy, up and coming professions that began to displace the aristocrats as leading powers in society

92
Q

Oligarchy

A

A form of government in which political power rests with a small elite segment of society. Often consists of politically powerful families who pass on their influence to their children

93
Q

One party state

A

A form of government where only one party forms the government and no other parties re permitted to run candidates for election

94
Q

Pandemics

A

Outbreaks of disease on a global scale

95
Q

Party solidarity

A

In the Canadian system, a requirement that all party members vote with their party except in instances such as the “free vote”

96
Q

Personal identity

A

The idea you have of yourself as a unique individual. It is the collection of traits that you think of as distinguishing yourself from others

97
Q

Perspective

A

An attitude or way of regarding something. Reflects the outlook of a particular group of people with a shared quality

98
Q

Physiocrats

A

A group of Enlightenment philosophers in France who critiqued the prevailing economics of mercantilism. Physiocrats believed that government should leave business entrepreneurs alone to follow their natural self-interest

99
Q

Pluralism

A

A policy that actively promotes the acceptance of diversity in a society

100
Q

Point of View

A

Represents an individual’s opinion and is based on personal experience. An attitude or way of considering a situation

101
Q

Political dissidents

A

People who disagree with the policies and actions of their government

102
Q

Political participation

A

Any number of ways a citizen can be involved in the political process

103
Q

Postmodernism

A

The reaction to modernism, mostly against it. A movement that raises questions about the faith that moderns have in reason and in progress, and tries to get people to rethink their assumptions about the meaning of modern life

104
Q

Private property

A

The idea of owning real estate, physical possessions, and intellectual property in the eyes of society

105
Q

Pro rata

A

Proportionally

106
Q

Pro-democracy movements

A

Movements or campaigns in favour of democracy

107
Q

Progressivism

A

Various ideologies that advocate moderate political and social reform through government action, such as using anti-trust laws to prevent corporations from establishing monopolies in the marketplace. Associated with Roosevelt. Reacted to the perceived abuses of laissez faire capitalism

108
Q

Proportional representation

A

A system of government where citizens vote directly for a party, and then representatives are assigned based on the amount of popular support obtained

109
Q

Proxy wars

A

Conflicts in which one superpower provides support to a group or state that opposes the rival superpower. The support may consist of money, arms, and personnel

110
Q

Public health agency of canada (PHAC)

A

A federal agency founded in 2006 to promote and protect the health and safety of Canadians

111
Q

Public property

A

Anything not privately owned by individuals, generally owned by the state or the community, and managed in the best interests of that community

112
Q

Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms

A

A statutory bill of rights and human rights code that was passed by the national assembly of Québec in 1975

113
Q

Quiet revolution

A

A nonviolent time of rapid social, economic, and political modernization in Québec aimed at enhancing opportunities for Francophone Québécois within Québec society

114
Q

Radical

A

Extreme; revolutionary. A radical change in a political regime often rejects the political and economic traditions of the past

115
Q

Reactionary

A

Tending to oppose change. A reactionary change in a political regime often idealizes the past and accepts economic inequality

116
Q

Reagenomics

A

The economic policies of Ronald Reagan US presidency, which advocated less government intervention in the economy and pro-industry, anti-labour, anti-regulation, anti-environmental regulations policies

117
Q

Red Paper

A

The name given to the National Indian Brotherhood’s “Citizens Plus” which outlined their objections to the policy changes recommended in the Trudeau government’s White Paper

118
Q

Representative democracy

A

A form of government in which a small group of politicians are elected by a larger group of citizens

119
Q

Republican

A

A form of government where governing authority is vested in the hands of the representatives of the citizens as opposed to a ruling monarch

120
Q

Responsible government

A

In the Canadian system, a form of representative democracy in which the executive branch of government is dependent on the direct or indirect support of the legislative branch of government. (President and cabinet needing approval from House of Commons)

121
Q

Rule of law

A

Everyone is subject to the law, no matter how important or powerful

122
Q

Self-interest

A

One’s personal interest or advantage

123
Q

Self-reliance

A

The quality of being solely responsible for one’s own well-being

124
Q

Social Capital

A

The networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively

125
Q

Social Programs

A

Programs that affect human welfare in a society. Social programs are intended to benefit citizens in areas such as education, health, and income support

126
Q

Socialism

A

Any ideology that contains the belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society

127
Q

Terrorism

A

The policy of various ideological groups to disrupt the affairs of an enemy state or culture by the use of violent acts against non-combatants, in order to create debilitating terror and confusion

128
Q

Totalitarian

A

Powerful central government exercises strict control over all aspects of life (no political opposition)

129
Q

Traditional Economy

A

An economic system usually practiced by a pre-industrialized society where needs are met through agriculture, hunting, and fishing, and where there tends to be division of labour based on custom and traditions

130
Q

Trickle-down economics

A

Reduced income and business taxes, reduced economic regulation, and increased government spending on the military; also known as supply-side economics. Generally these policies favour industry, assuming that if industry prospers, then everyone will prosper as wealth “trickles down” to the ordinary workers and consumers.

131
Q

Tyranny of the majority

A

A situation in which a government or other authority democratically supported by a majority of its subjects makes policies or takes actions benefiting that majority, without regard for the rights or welfare of the rest of its subjects

132
Q

Universal suffrage

A

The right of all members of society, once they reach the age of accountability, to fully participate politically. Voting for all genders, races, etc.

133
Q

USA PATRIOT ACT

A

(the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act): A controversial legislation passed by the United States government in 2001 to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States. Some Americans argue that the act is a threat to personal liberties

134
Q

Utopian socialists

A

Humanitarians who advocated an end to the appalling conditions of the average worker in the industrial capitalist countries of the 19th century; people who believe it is possible to work to bring about a better world and that obvious evils can be eradicated

135
Q

War Measures Act

A

A Canadian law that gave the federal cabinet emergency powers for circumstances where it determines that the threat of war, invasion, or insurrection, real or apprehended, exists. It was replaced by the Emergencies Act (1988)

136
Q

Welfare capitalism

A

Caring about social welfare (within an industry) in order to further a person or business’ capital

137
Q

Welfare state

A

A state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for its citizens

138
Q

White Paper

A

An official government document that outlines that government’s policies. In 1969, the government of Prime Minister Trudeau issued a controversial White Paper that proposed to abolish treaties, the Department of Indian Affairs, and everything else that had kept the First Nations and Inuit people distinct from the people of Canada

139
Q

World Health Organization (WHO)

A

The directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations

140
Q

Worldview

A

A collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or group; the lens through which the world is viewed by an individual or group; the overall perspective from which the world is interpreted

141
Q

Autarky

A

Self-sufficiency or independence from other countries

142
Q

Jean Jacques-Rousseau

A

• Humans are inherently good
• It is society that corrupts
• The general will of the people should be absolute
Collectivist

143
Q

Friedrich Engels

A

Founded the Marxist theory alongside Karl Marx

Socialist

144
Q

John Maynard Keynes

A 
Founder of Keynesian economics:
Cut spending in economic prosperity
Increase spending in economic recession
(Boom/Bust)
Modern Liberal
145
Q

Milton Friedman

A

• Primary creator of monetarism
• Emphasizes the role of governments in controlling the amount of money in circulation
• Return to the principles of liberalism
• Supports liberalism, but thinks poverty can be an issue in laissez-faire capitalism and should be addressed
Modern Liberal

146
Q

Adam Smith

A

• One of the first philosophers to promote the liberal principles of self-interest and competition (Guided by the “invisible hand” of self interest)
• Physiocrat influenced
• Disagreed with existing Mercantile economic system.
• If people worked first and foremost for themselves, everyone-including the state-would be better off
Classical Liberal

147
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

• Humans aren’t capable of having both freedom and security (If everyone is free than everyone is in danger)
• The role of the individual is to give up his or her own personal freedom for the security of the collective identity
o Humans inherently selfish
o The Leviathan (absolute leader) should only have power if it keeps the people safe
Leviathan is Hobbes’ Book
Believes rights and freedoms are valid, just that they should be given up
Collectivist

148
Q

Karl Marx

A

• Economics is the foundation of society
• The means of production need to be in workers’ hands
• This can only happen through radical socialism and class struggle
Socialist

149
Q

John Locke

A

• Humans are rational, intelligent, and reasonable
• Democracy is better than monarchy
• The only reason governments exist is to protect life, liberty, and property
• Emphasis on private property
o Individuals give up rights (apart from property) and appoint a government accountable to the people
Liberalism - Humans can make choices in their self-interest
Collectivist - People need to cooperate as a society

150
Q

Edmund Burke

A
  • A reactionary and conservative thinker
  • Emphasized the importance of religion in moral life
  • Supported catholic emancipation
  • Believed that revolution destroys the fabric of good society
151
Q

Friedrich Hayek

A

• Strong defender of classical liberalism
• A collectivist society requires too much control leading to interference of social lives and liberty
• The free market was the only way to balance supply and demand in the economy while maintaining individual liberty
Classic liberal

High School (8 decks)

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