Social Studies 30-1 Flashcards
1
Q
Adherence to collective norms
A
Living up to the standards of society may be considered a daily responsibility
2
Q
American Bill of Rights
A
The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. Based on Locke’s concept of “natural rights” these include:
• Life
• Liberty
• Protection of property
3
Q
Anti-Terrorism Act
A
A set of laws passed in response to 9/11 giving the Canadian government special powers such as surveillance and detention for dealing with people thought to be associated with terrorism
4
Q
Anti-war movements
A
Organized campaigns against war
5
Q
Authoritarianism
A
A form of government with authority vested in an elite group
6
Q
Autonomy
A
A state of individual freedom outside authority
7
Q
Beliefs and values
A
Important aspects of identity
8
Q
Brinkmanship
A
International behaviour or foreign policy that takes a country to the brink of war
9
Q
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
A
A document entrenched in the Constitutional Act, 1982 that lists and describes the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to Canadians
10
Q
Capital
A
The money or other assets with which an entrepreneur starts in business
11
Q
Censorship
A
The act of restricting freedom of expression or freedom of access to ideas or works to protect the perceived common good
12
Q
Chartism
A
A working-class movement in Britain that focused on political and social reform from 1838 to 1848
13
Q
Citizenship
A
Membership by birth or naturalization in a nation that entails definable rights and certain responsibilities to the society, community, or country
14
Q
Civility
A
Thoughtfulness about how our actions may affect others, based on the recognition that human beings live together.
15
Q
Class system
A
The change of social classes (Class structure)
16
Q
Classical conservatism
A
Change cannot be dictated by the whims of the present generation, change, has to honour the citizens of the past and future
17
Q
Cold War
A
The political, economic, and social struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States conducted using propaganda, economic, measures, and espionage rather than military means
18
Q
Collective identity
A
The identity that you share with other people as a member of a larger social group, such as linguistic, faith, cultural, or ethnic group
19
Q
Collective interest
A
The set of interests that members of a group have in common
20
Q
Collective responsibility
A
Holding the whole group responsible for the actions of individuals (or individual groups) within the group
21
Q
Collectivisation
A
An economic policy where all land is taken away from private owners and combined in large, collectively worked farms
22
Q
Collectivism
A
The ideology that the collective body is more important than the individual
23
Q
Command economy
A
The government decides which goods are produced, how they are produced, and at what prices they are sold
24
Q
Common good
A
The good of a community; something that benefits the public health, safety, and/or well-being of society as a whole
25
Communism
A system of society with property vested in the community and each member working for the common benefit and receiving according to his or her needs
26
Competition
Working towards the common good as suppliers compete to hire the most desirable employees and have the best prices
27
Consensus decision making
A process whereby a group of individuals share ideas, solutions, and concerns to find a resolution to a problem that all members of the group can accept
28
Consumerism
Consumer spending; a set of values focused on the acquisition and display of things in order to denote status
29
Containment
The American Cold War foreign policy of containing the spread of communism by establishing strategic allies around the world through trade and military alliances
30
Cooperation
The means through which members of a group or a collective achieve their common goals
31
Democracy
A form of government in which power is ultimately vested in the people
32
Détente
A period of the Cold War during which the major powers tried to lessen the tensions between them through diplomacy, arms talks and reductions, and cultural exchanges
33
Deterrence
The Cold War foreign policy of both major powers aiming to deter the strategic advances of the other through arms development and arms build up. Also known as dissuasion (French)
34
Dictatorship of the proletariat
The centralized government of the state, which would be elected by the workers, would control all aspects of life (Early stages of communism)
35
Direct democracy
A form of government in which the people participate in deciding issues directly
36
Dissent
The political act of disagreeing; the right to disagree
37
Divine right of kings
The doctrine that that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God
38
Economic equality
A principle common to collectivist ideologies, which have different meanings depending on the person or the ideology. Governments may try to foster economic equality through tax policies and by ensuring that all people earn equal wages for work of similar value.
39
Economic freedom
The freedom to buy what you want and to sell what you want to whomever you wish
40
Egalitarianism
A political principle that holds that all people should be treated as equals and allowed equal civil, social, political, and economic rights under the law
41
Emancipation
Freeing from restraint, especially legal, social, or political
42
Emergency and security legislation
Allows governments to invoke special measures to deal with emergencies and is designed to protect citizens’ fundamental rights and freedoms even in a time of crisis.
43
Enclosure
Land that had been held in common becomes the private property of an individual
44
Enfranchisement
Granting people the rights of citizens, especially the right to vote
45
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries when classical liberalism spread through Europe and changed some people’s beliefs about religion, reason, nature, and human beings; also called the Age of Reason.
46
Expansionism
A country’s foreign policy of acquiring additional territory through the violation of another country’s sovereignty
47
Extremism
A term used by others to describe the beliefs and actions of those perceived to be outside of the accepted norms of political or social behavior
48
Fascism
An extreme, right-wing anti-democratic nationalist movement which led to totalitarian forms of governments in Germany and Italy from the 1920s to the 1940s
49
Feminism
The belief that men and women are to be treated equally in all respects
50
Free Market
Limited government intervention in the market. Relies on the choices that rational individuals make in their own self-interest
51
Global citizenship
Being a citizen of the world; a feeling of responsibility, beyond a country’s borders, toward humanity
52
Hegemony
Political control exerted by one group over others
53
Human rights
Also known as “natural rights”, the rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled
54
Humanists
Someone who believes in the supremacy of reason of individuals over faith
55
Humanitarianism
Trying to improve the lives of others and to reduce their suffering through various means, including social reform and aid
56
Ideology
A set of principles or ideas that explain our world and our place within it
57
Illiberal
Ideologies opposed to the values, beliefs, and principles of liberalism
58
Income disparity
Difference in earnings between the rich and the poor
59
Indian Act
An act of Parliament first passed in 1867, dealing with the governance of reserves and the rights and benefits of registered First Nations individuals
60
Individual rights and freedoms
```
Key principle of individualism and an important feature of liberal democracies
• Freedom of religion
• Freedom of association
• Right to life
• Right to liberty
• Right to security of the person
• Right to vote.
```
61
Individual rights, roles, and responsibilities
The individual gives consent in establishing society, but the individual has an obligation to obey laws
62
Individualism
A current of thinking that values the freedom and worth of the individual, over the security and harmony of the group
63
Industrialization
The transfer from manual labor and agricultural and mercantile society to machines and an industrial society
64
Inflation
An increase in the general price level of products, the cost of labour, and interest rates
65
Iron curtain
A phrase coined by Winston Churchill in 1947 describing the barrier between the democratic capitalist United States and communist Soviet Union
66
Jus sanguinis
The right by blood: the citizenship and nationality of a child is the same as the natural parents, wherever the child is born
67
Jus soli
The right of the soil: a person’s citizenship or nationality is determined by place of birth
68
"Just war"
The idea that a country is right to go to war for certain reasons (defense, protection, ect.)
69
Kyoto protocol
An agreement reached at an international convention at which world leaders met to discuss climate change and create a plan for reducing greenhouse gases
70
Kyoto targets
The reduced levels of greenhouse gas emissions for each country set by the Kyoto Protocol
71
Labour movement
The effort by organized labour to improve conditions for workers
72
Labour standards
Government-enforced rules and standards aimed at safe, clean working environments, and the protection of workers’ rights to free association, collective bargaining, and freedom from discrimination
73
Labour unions
A collective group of workers with the right to organize and bargain collectively
74
Laissez-faire capitalism
Leave people alone to do as they wish
Individual self-interest will lead to the improvement of society. An economic system based on free markets, fair competition, wise consumers, and profit-motivated producers
75
Language legislation
Laws regarding the official language of a state
76
Liberalism
A collection of ideologies all committed to the principle of the dignity and freedom of the individual as the foundation for society
77
Liberation movements
Military and political struggles of people for independence from countries that have colonized or otherwise oppressed them
78
Limited government
The principle of little government involvement in the affairs of an economy, in the belief that this results in more efficient self-regulating markets
79
Luddism
A protest movement of the early 1800s against industrialization and mechanization. Protesters broke into factories and destroyed machines
80
Marxism
Radical form of socialism where to overthrow capitalism there had to be some sort of class struggle (Scientific socialism/communism)
81
McCarthysim
An anti-communist movement in the United States during the 1950s led by Republican senator Joseph McCarthy to uncover and persecute perceived "communists"
82
Mercantilism
The aim of all economic pursuits should be to strengthen the power and wealth of the state
83
Military dictatorship
A form of government in which political power resides with the military leadership
84
Mixed economy
An economic system based on free-market principles but with some government regulation (modern liberalism)
85
Monopoly
The exclusive ownership or control of trade in a particular good or service
86
Mutually assured destruction (MAD)
A situation that would result from an unwinnable nuclear war. Ideally deters each side from entering into direct conflict
87
Naturalization
The process of applying for citizenship and becoming a citizen
88
Neo-conservatism
An ideology that emerged in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a reaction against modern liberal principles.
Some aspects may include:
• Challenging modern liberalism in favour of classical liberalism
• Challenging both classical and modern liberalism in favour of specific classical liberalist principles
• Challenging both classical and modern liberal principles in favour of family and traditional values
89
New Deal
Roosevelt’s series of programs that focused on relief to the unemployed, reform to the economy, and recovery from the Depression
90
Nonalignment
The position taken during the Cold War by those countries in the United Nations that did not form an alliance with either the United States or the Soviet Union. This group of countries became a third voting bloc within the UN and pushed for more aid for the developing world
91
Nouveau riche
The newly wealthy, up and coming professions that began to displace the aristocrats as leading powers in society
92
Oligarchy
A form of government in which political power rests with a small elite segment of society. Often consists of politically powerful families who pass on their influence to their children
93
One party state
A form of government where only one party forms the government and no other parties re permitted to run candidates for election
94
Pandemics
Outbreaks of disease on a global scale
95
Party solidarity
In the Canadian system, a requirement that all party members vote with their party except in instances such as the "free vote"
96
Personal identity
The idea you have of yourself as a unique individual. It is the collection of traits that you think of as distinguishing yourself from others
97
Perspective
An attitude or way of regarding something. Reflects the outlook of a particular group of people with a shared quality
98
Physiocrats
A group of Enlightenment philosophers in France who critiqued the prevailing economics of mercantilism. Physiocrats believed that government should leave business entrepreneurs alone to follow their natural self-interest
99
Pluralism
A policy that actively promotes the acceptance of diversity in a society
100
Point of View
Represents an individual’s opinion and is based on personal experience. An attitude or way of considering a situation
101
Political dissidents
People who disagree with the policies and actions of their government
102
Political participation
Any number of ways a citizen can be involved in the political process
103
Postmodernism
The reaction to modernism, mostly against it. A movement that raises questions about the faith that moderns have in reason and in progress, and tries to get people to rethink their assumptions about the meaning of modern life
104
Private property
The idea of owning real estate, physical possessions, and intellectual property in the eyes of society
105
Pro rata
Proportionally
106
Pro-democracy movements
Movements or campaigns in favour of democracy
107
Progressivism
Various ideologies that advocate moderate political and social reform through government action, such as using anti-trust laws to prevent corporations from establishing monopolies in the marketplace. Associated with Roosevelt. Reacted to the perceived abuses of laissez faire capitalism
108
Proportional representation
A system of government where citizens vote directly for a party, and then representatives are assigned based on the amount of popular support obtained
109
Proxy wars
Conflicts in which one superpower provides support to a group or state that opposes the rival superpower. The support may consist of money, arms, and personnel
110
Public health agency of canada (PHAC)
A federal agency founded in 2006 to promote and protect the health and safety of Canadians
111
Public property
Anything not privately owned by individuals, generally owned by the state or the community, and managed in the best interests of that community
112
Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
A statutory bill of rights and human rights code that was passed by the national assembly of Québec in 1975
113
Quiet revolution
A nonviolent time of rapid social, economic, and political modernization in Québec aimed at enhancing opportunities for Francophone Québécois within Québec society
114
Radical
Extreme; revolutionary. A radical change in a political regime often rejects the political and economic traditions of the past
115
Reactionary
Tending to oppose change. A reactionary change in a political regime often idealizes the past and accepts economic inequality
116
Reagenomics
The economic policies of Ronald Reagan US presidency, which advocated less government intervention in the economy and pro-industry, anti-labour, anti-regulation, anti-environmental regulations policies
117
Red Paper
The name given to the National Indian Brotherhood’s “Citizens Plus” which outlined their objections to the policy changes recommended in the Trudeau government’s White Paper
118
Representative democracy
A form of government in which a small group of politicians are elected by a larger group of citizens
119
Republican
A form of government where governing authority is vested in the hands of the representatives of the citizens as opposed to a ruling monarch
120
Responsible government
In the Canadian system, a form of representative democracy in which the executive branch of government is dependent on the direct or indirect support of the legislative branch of government. (President and cabinet needing approval from House of Commons)
121
Rule of law
Everyone is subject to the law, no matter how important or powerful
122
Self-interest
One’s personal interest or advantage
123
Self-reliance
The quality of being solely responsible for one’s own well-being
124
Social Capital
The networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively
125
Social Programs
Programs that affect human welfare in a society. Social programs are intended to benefit citizens in areas such as education, health, and income support
126
Socialism
Any ideology that contains the belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society
127
Terrorism
The policy of various ideological groups to disrupt the affairs of an enemy state or culture by the use of violent acts against non-combatants, in order to create debilitating terror and confusion
128
Totalitarian
Powerful central government exercises strict control over all aspects of life (no political opposition)
129
Traditional Economy
An economic system usually practiced by a pre-industrialized society where needs are met through agriculture, hunting, and fishing, and where there tends to be division of labour based on custom and traditions
130
Trickle-down economics
Reduced income and business taxes, reduced economic regulation, and increased government spending on the military; also known as supply-side economics. Generally these policies favour industry, assuming that if industry prospers, then everyone will prosper as wealth “trickles down” to the ordinary workers and consumers.
131
Tyranny of the majority
A situation in which a government or other authority democratically supported by a majority of its subjects makes policies or takes actions benefiting that majority, without regard for the rights or welfare of the rest of its subjects
132
Universal suffrage
The right of all members of society, once they reach the age of accountability, to fully participate politically. Voting for all genders, races, etc.
133
USA PATRIOT ACT
(the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act): A controversial legislation passed by the United States government in 2001 to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States. Some Americans argue that the act is a threat to personal liberties
134
Utopian socialists
Humanitarians who advocated an end to the appalling conditions of the average worker in the industrial capitalist countries of the 19th century; people who believe it is possible to work to bring about a better world and that obvious evils can be eradicated
135
War Measures Act
A Canadian law that gave the federal cabinet emergency powers for circumstances where it determines that the threat of war, invasion, or insurrection, real or apprehended, exists. It was replaced by the Emergencies Act (1988)
136
Welfare capitalism
Caring about social welfare (within an industry) in order to further a person or business’ capital
137
Welfare state
A state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for its citizens
138
White Paper
An official government document that outlines that government’s policies. In 1969, the government of Prime Minister Trudeau issued a controversial White Paper that proposed to abolish treaties, the Department of Indian Affairs, and everything else that had kept the First Nations and Inuit people distinct from the people of Canada
139
World Health Organization (WHO)
The directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations
140
Worldview
A collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or group; the lens through which the world is viewed by an individual or group; the overall perspective from which the world is interpreted
141
Autarky
Self-sufficiency or independence from other countries
142
Jean Jacques-Rousseau
• Humans are inherently good
• It is society that corrupts
• The general will of the people should be absolute
Collectivist
143
Friedrich Engels
Founded the Marxist theory alongside Karl Marx
| Socialist
144
John Maynard Keynes
```
Founder of Keynesian economics:
Cut spending in economic prosperity
Increase spending in economic recession
(Boom/Bust)
Modern Liberal
```
145
Milton Friedman
• Primary creator of monetarism
• Emphasizes the role of governments in controlling the amount of money in circulation
• Return to the principles of liberalism
• Supports liberalism, but thinks poverty can be an issue in laissez-faire capitalism and should be addressed
Modern Liberal
146
Adam Smith
• One of the first philosophers to promote the liberal principles of self-interest and competition (Guided by the “invisible hand” of self interest)
• Physiocrat influenced
• Disagreed with existing Mercantile economic system.
• If people worked first and foremost for themselves, everyone-including the state-would be better off
Classical Liberal
147
Thomas Hobbes
• Humans aren’t capable of having both freedom and security (If everyone is free than everyone is in danger)
• The role of the individual is to give up his or her own personal freedom for the security of the collective identity
o Humans inherently selfish
o The Leviathan (absolute leader) should only have power if it keeps the people safe
Leviathan is Hobbes' Book
Believes rights and freedoms are valid, just that they should be given up
Collectivist
148
Karl Marx
• Economics is the foundation of society
• The means of production need to be in workers’ hands
• This can only happen through radical socialism and class struggle
Socialist
149
John Locke
• Humans are rational, intelligent, and reasonable
• Democracy is better than monarchy
• The only reason governments exist is to protect life, liberty, and property
• Emphasis on private property
o Individuals give up rights (apart from property) and appoint a government accountable to the people
Liberalism - Humans can make choices in their self-interest
Collectivist - People need to cooperate as a society
150
Edmund Burke
* A reactionary and conservative thinker
* Emphasized the importance of religion in moral life
* Supported catholic emancipation
* Believed that revolution destroys the fabric of good society
151
Friedrich Hayek
• Strong defender of classical liberalism
• A collectivist society requires too much control leading to interference of social lives and liberty
• The free market was the only way to balance supply and demand in the economy while maintaining individual liberty
Classic liberal
