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High School > 11 Bio Final > Flashcards

11 Bio Final Flashcards

1
Q

Biotic

A

Living

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

Non-living

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3
Q

Population

A

A group of the same species occupying an area at a certain time

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4
Q

Community

A

The populations of all species that occupy a habitat

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community and it’s physical + chemical environment

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6
Q

Biodiversity

A

The number of species in an ecosystem

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7
Q

Food chain

A

A sequence linking organisms that feed on each other

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8
Q

Producer

A

An autotroph; an organism that makes it’s own food

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9
Q

Consumer

A

A heterotroph; an organism that must eat producers or other consumers to survive

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10
Q

Indicator species

A

A species sensitive to small changes in environmental conditions

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11
Q

Herbivore

A

An animal that eats only plants/producers

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12
Q

Carnivore

A

An animal that eats only animals/consumers

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13
Q

Omnivore

A

An animal that eats both plants + animals (producers/consumers)

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14
Q

Detritus

A

Waste from plants and animals, including dead remains

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15
Q

Decomposer

A

A heterotroph; An organism that feeds on detritus

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16
Q

Habitat

A

A place or type of environment with conditions suitable for the survival of an organism or population of organisms

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17
Q

UV Radiation

A

Ultraviolet radiation; electromagnetic radiation from the sun that can cause sunburn and cellular mutations

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18
Q

O3

A

Ozone; an inorganic molecule / / A layer of ozone found in the stratosphere helps to screen out UV rays.

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19
Q

Trophic level

A

A category of living things defined by how it gains energy; autotrophs, heterotrophs, etc.

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20
Q

Primary consumer

A

An organism that relies directly on autotrophs at the second trophic level

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21
Q

Secondary consumer

A

An organism that relies on primary consumers at the third trophic level

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22
Q

Food Web

A

A representation of the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem

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23
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

The process of non-photosynthetic organisms convert inorganic chemicals to organic compounds without solar energy

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24
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

An organism that can use chemosynthesis

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25
Q

Biomass

A

The total dry mass of all the living material in an ecosystem

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26
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule that has a positive and negative end

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27
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The type of bond formed between the positive end of a water molecule and the negative end of another water molecule

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28
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water through plant leaves

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29
Q

Percolation

A

The movement of liquid through porous material (soil)

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30
Q

Water table

A

The top level of the region below the ground saturated with water

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31
Q

Leaching

A

The removal of soluble minerals by percolation

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32
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Cycle of matter where carbon atoms move from inorganic to organic form and then back to inorganic.

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33
Q

Combustion

A

Chemical reaction, substance reacts with oxygen to release energy

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34
Q

Peat

A

Slow decomposing plants produced in low-oxygen environment (bogs)

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35
Q

Albedo

A

Term used describing the extent a surface can reflect light that strikes it

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36
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

A cycle of matter where nitrogen atoms move from gas in the atmosphere to inorganic forms in the soil to organic forms in living things then it goes backwards, organic, inorganic, gas

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37
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Two processes in which atmospheric/dissolved nitrogen is converted into nitrate ions

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38
Q

Denitrification

A

The process in which nitrates are converted to nitrites and then to nitrogen gas

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39
Q

Fertilizer

A

A material used to restore nutrients to plants

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40
Q

Phosphorous cycle

A

The cycling of phosphorous between the biotic and abiotic components of the environment; consists of a biological and geochemical cycle

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41
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemicals that are essential to living things

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42
Q

Sustainability

A

The ability to support and/or maintain something for a long period of time

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43
Q

Ecology

A

The study of interactions between organisms and their living and non-living environment

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44
Q

Abiotic factor

A

A non-living factor that influences an organism

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45
Q

Biotic factor

A

A living factor that influences an organism

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46
Q

Ecotone

A

A transition area between ecosystems

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47
Q

Ecological niche

A

An organism’s role in an ecosystem consisting of its place in the food web, its habitat, its breeding area, and the time of day at which it is most active

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48
Q

Biome

A

A large geographical region with a specific range of temperatures and precipitation and the organisms that are adapted to those conditions of temperature and precipitation

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49
Q

Major biomes in Canada

A
  • Tundra
  • Taiga
  • Grassland
  • Temperate Deciduous Forest
  • Freshwater; lake, river, pond ecosystems
  • Marine (salt water); all ocean ecosystems
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50
Q

Canopy

A

The upper layer of vegetation in a forest

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51
Q

Permafrost

A

Permanently frozen soil

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52
Q

Muskeg

A

Soil above permafrost that is swampy or boggy in summer

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53
Q

Understorey

A

Below the canopy layer; usually shrubs and smaller trees

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54
Q

Littoral zone

A

The area from the shore of a lake or pond to the point where no more plants grow in the lake bottom

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55
Q

Limnetic zone

A

The area of a lake or pond in which there is open water and sufficient light for photosynthesis to occur

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56
Q

Profundal zone

A

The region of a lake beneath the limnetic zone, in which there is insufficient light for photosynthesis to occur

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57
Q

Plankton

A

Autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms found in the limnetic zone of a lake or pond

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58
Q

Epilimnion

A

The upper level of a lake, which warms up in summer

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59
Q

Hypolimnion

A

The lower level of a lake, which remains at a low temperature year round

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60
Q

Thermocline

A

The zone between the epilimnion and hypolimnion, in which temperature changes rapidly

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61
Q

Biotic potential

A

The maximum number of offspring that a species could produce with unlimited resources

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62
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum number of individuals of a species that can be supported by an ecosystem

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63
Q

Law of the minimum

A

The nutrients in the least supply is the one that limits growth

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64
Q

Law of tolerance

A

An organism can survive within a particular range of an abiotic factor

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65
Q

Density-independant factor

A

A factor in an ecosystem that affects members of a population regardless of population density

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66
Q

Density-dependant factor

A

A factor in an ecosystem that affects members of a population because of the population density

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67
Q

Slash-and-burn

A

The complete clearing of a forest by felling and burning trees (often for agriculture)

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68
Q

Clear-cutting

A

The removal of all trees in an area (often use in timber/pulp)

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69
Q

Selective cutting

A

The harvesting of only certain trees from an area

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70
Q

Prescribed burn

A

A controlled fire set intentionally in a designated area

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71
Q

Oligotrophic

A

Having low nutrient levels

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72
Q

Eutrophic

A

Having high nutrient levels

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73
Q

Coliform bacteria

A

Bacteria that occurs naturally in the intestines of humans and other animals, indicates the presence of fecal contamination in water

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74
Q

Biological oxygen demand (BOD)

A

The amount of dissolved oxygen needed by decomposers to completely break down the organic matter in a water sample at 20 ˚C over five days

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75
Q

Watershed

A

The land that drains toward a lake or other body of water

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76
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classification according to the inferred relationships among organisms

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77
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

A method of naming organisms by using two names – the genus name and the species name. Scientific names are italicized

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78
Q

Genus

A

The first part of a binomial name; a genus includes several species

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79
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that look alike and can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring

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80
Q

Taxa

A

Categories used to classify organisms

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81
Q

Protista

A

A kingdom originally proposed for all unicellular organisms such as the amoeba. More recently, multicellular algae have been added

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82
Q

Monera

A

In a five-kingdom system, a kingdom that includes organisms that lack a true nucleus

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83
Q

Archaebacteria

A

In a six-kingdom system, a kingdom consisting of prokaryotic microorganisms distinct from eubacteria that possess a cell wall not containing peptidoglycan and that live in harsh environments such as salt lakes and thermal vents

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84
Q

Eubacteria

A

In a six-kingdom system, a kingdom consisting of prokaryotic microorganisms that possess a peptidoglycan cell wall

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85
Q

Phylogeny

A

The history of the evolution of a species or a group of organisms

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86
Q

Dichotomous key

A

A two-part key used to identify living things. Di means two

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87
Q

Paleontology

A

The study of fossils

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88
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of the geographic distribution of life on Earth

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89
Q

Endemic

A

A term used to describe a species that is found in one location only

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90
Q

Homologous features

A

Features with similar structures but different functions

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91
Q

Analogous features

A

Features that are similar in appearance and function, but do not appear to have the same evolutionary origin

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92
Q

Vestigial features

A

Rudimentary structures with no useful function

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93
Q

DNA

A

The molecule that makes up genetic material

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94
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA that performs a specific function, such as coding for a particular protein

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95
Q

Artificial selection

A

The process of humans selecting and breeding individuals with the desired trait

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96
Q

Genotype

A

The actual genes an individual has

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97
Q

Phenotype

A

Only the genes which are visible

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98
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The belief that living things arose from non-living matter

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99
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

The false concept of inheritance of features acquired during the life of an individual

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100
Q

Natural selection

A

The result of differential reproductive success of individuals caused by variations in their inherited characteristics

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101
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the DNA sequence in a chromosome

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102
Q

Neutral mutation

A

A mutation that has no effect on the organism

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103
Q

Fitness

A

An organism’s reproductive success

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104
Q

Harmful mutation

A

A mutation that reduces an organism’s fitness

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105
Q

Beneficial mutation

A

A mutation that enhances an organism’s fitness

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106
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

The production of offspring from a single parent; offspring inherit the genes of that parent only

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107
Q

Siblings

A

Offspring from the same parent (in asexual reproduction) or parents (in sexual reproduction)

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108
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

The production of offspring by the union of sex cells from two different parents’ the offspring inherit a combination of genes from both parents

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109
Q

Gene pool

A

All the genes in a certain population

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110
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of new species

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111
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation by reproductive isolation

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112
Q

Theory of gradualism

A

The idea that speciation takes place slowly

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113
Q

Theory of punctuated equilibrium

A

The idea that species evolve rapidly, followed by a period of little or no change.

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114
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Evolution into many different species

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115
Q

Photon

A

A packet of light

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116
Q

EMR

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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117
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The light-absorbing green-coloured pigment that begins the process of photosynthesis

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118
Q

Chloroplast

A

A membrane-bound organelle in green plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis

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119
Q

Stroma

A

The protein-rich semiliquid material in the interior of a chloroplast

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120
Q

Thylakoid

A

A system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within the stroma of a chloroplast

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121
Q

Grana

A

(singular: granum) stacks of thylakoids

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122
Q

Lamellae

A

(singular: lamella) groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana

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123
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light-gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains

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124
Q

Thylakoid lumen

A

The fluid-filled space inside a thylakoid

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125
Q

ATP

A

A molecule containing three high-energy phosphate bonds that acts as the primary energy-transferring molecule in living organisms

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126
Q

ADP

A

A molecule containing two high-energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP

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127
Q

NADP+

A

A compound that accepts one hydrogen atom and two electrons, forming NADPH; is an electron acceptor

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128
Q

NADP

A

A compound that donates one hydrogen atom and two electrons to another molecule, to reform NADP+; is an electron donor

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129
Q

An overview of the photosynthetic process

A
  1. Capturing solar energy and transferring it to electrons
  2. Using captured solar energy to make ATP and to transfer high-energy electrons to NADP+; yields NADPH, which is then used as a high-energy electron carrier molecule
  3. Using energy stored in ATP and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH to form energy-rich organic molecules, such as glucose, from CO2
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130
Q

Light-dependent reactions

A

The first set of reactions of photosynthesis in which light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, powers chemiosmotic ATP synthesis, and results in the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH

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131
Q

Carbon fixation

A

The process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules

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132
Q

Calvin cycle

A

A cyclic set of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts that fixes the carbon of CO2 into carbohydrate molecules and recycles coenzymes

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133
Q

Light-independent reaction

A

The second set of reactions in photosynthesis (Calvin cycle); these reactions do not require solar energy

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134
Q

Photosystem

A

A cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in a thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy

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135
Q

Electron transport chain

A

A series of progressively stronger electron acceptors; each time an electron is transferred, energy is released

136
Q

Photolysis

A

A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light; in photosynthesis, water molecules are split by photolysis

137
Q

Oxidation

A

A reaction in which an atom or molecule loses electrons

138
Q

Reduction

A

A reaction in which an atom or molecule gains electrons

139
Q

ATP synthase complex

A

A specialized protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane that allows H+ ions to escape from the lumen and uses the resulting energy to generate ATP

140
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

141
Q

NAD

A

An electron carrier, donates electrons in cellular processes

142
Q

NAD+

A

An electron carrier, accepts electrons in cellular processes

143
Q

FADH2

A

An electron carrier, donates electrons in cellular processes

144
Q

FAD+

A

An electron carrier, accepts electrons in cellular processes

145
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of substances through a membrane against a concentration gradient using membrane-bound carrier proteins and energy from ATP

146
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

An active-transport mechanism that pumps sodium and potassium ions into and out of a cell

147
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

The set of reactions that takes place in the cell in the presence of oxygen and releases energy stored in glucose

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. The Krebs cycle
  4. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Produces 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

148
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration

A

The set of reactions that takes place in the cell in the absence of oxygen and releases energy stored in glucose

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Fermentation

Produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

149
Q

Glycolysis

A

A process for harnessing energy in which a glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm of a cell

150
Q

Mitochondria

A

A eukaryotic cell organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration occurs

151
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

The fluid that fills the interior space of the mitochondrion

152
Q

Intermembrane space

A

The fluid-filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

153
Q

The Krebs cycle

A

A cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH, and FADH2, and removes carbon atoms as CO2

154
Q

Oxidative ATP synthesis

A

The production of ATP from a series of oxidation reactions

155
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

A form of fermentation occurring in yeast in wich NADH passes its hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+

156
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

A form of fermentation occurring in animal cells in which NADH transfers its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+ and lactic acid

157
Q

Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max)

A

The maximum volume of oxygen, in milliliters, that the cells of the body can remove from the bloodstream in one minute per kilogram of body mass while the body experiences maximal exertion

158
Q

Lactic acid threshold

A

The value of exercise intensity at which lactic acid production increases

159
Q

The chemicals of life

A
  • Vitamins and Minerals
  • Lipids (fats)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleic acids
  • Proteins
160
Q

Vitamins and minerals

A

o Help in chemical reactions

o Often found in complex chemicals

161
Q

Lipids (fats)

A

o Energy storage compound

o Structural Component of cell membranes

162
Q

Carbohydrates

A

o Primary energy source of cells

o Structural material of plant cell walls

163
Q

Nucleic acids

A

o Primary energy source of cells

o Structural material of plant cell walls

164
Q

Proteins

A

o Structural components of the cell

o Composed of amino acids

165
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

166
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule composed of three or more subunits

167
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A single sugar unit

168
Q

Isomer

A

One of a group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms

169
Q

Disaccharide

A

A sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharide subunits

170
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

The process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules

171
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water

172
Q

Polysaccharides

A

A carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits

173
Q

Starch

A

A plant carbohydrate used to store energy

174
Q

Glycogen

A

The form of carbohydrate storage in animals

175
Q

Cellulose

A

A plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

176
Q

Triglycerides

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

177
Q

Fat

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids; solid at room temperature

178
Q

Oil

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temperature

179
Q

Phospholipids

A

A lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone, making the molecule polar; the major components of cell membranes

180
Q

Wax

A

A long-chain lipid that is insoluble in water

181
Q

Proteins

A

A chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes

182
Q

Amino acid

A

A chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins

183
Q

Peptide bond

A

The bond that joins amino acids

184
Q

Polypeptide

A

A chain of three or more amino acids

185
Q

Essential amino acid

A

An amino acid that must be obtained from the diet

186
Q

Denaturation

A

The process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a temporary change in shape

187
Q

Coagulation

A

The process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a permanent change in shape

188
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself

189
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures

190
Q

Substrate

A

A molecule on which an enzyme works

191
Q

Active site

A

The area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

192
Q

Cofactor

A

An inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule

193
Q

Coenzyme

A

An organic molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule

194
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrate for access to the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions

195
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

The inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of that pathway

196
Q

Precursor activity

A

The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate

197
Q

Allosteric activity

A

A change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule

198
Q

What are the 4 components of the digestive process?

A
  • Ingestion – The taking of nutrients
  • Digestion – The breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller components by enzymes
  • Absorption – The transport of digested nutrients to the cells of the body
  • Egestion – The removal of food waste from the body
199
Q

Amylase

A

An enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates

200
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract

201
Q

Sphincter

A

A constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tube-like structure

202
Q

Mucus

A

A protective lubricating substance composed mostly of protein

203
Q

Pepsin

A

A protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach

204
Q

Ulcer

A

A lesion on the surface of an organ

205
Q

Duodenum

A

The first segment of the small intestine

206
Q

Villi

A

Small, fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption

207
Q

Microvilli

A

Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the cell membrane

208
Q

Capillary

A

A blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange

209
Q

Lacteal

A

A small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system

210
Q

Secretin

A

A hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions

211
Q

Enterokinase

A

An enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin

212
Q

Trypsin

A

An enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin

213
Q

Erepsin

A

An enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short-chain peptides to amino acids

214
Q

Lipase

A

A lipid-digesting enzyme

215
Q

Bile salt

A

A component of bile that breaks down large fat globules

216
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

A hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts

217
Q

Detoxify

A

To remove the effects of a poison

218
Q

Gallstone

A

Crystals of bile salts that form in the gallbladder

219
Q

Jaundice

A

The yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood

220
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth of nonfunctioning fibrous tissue

221
Q

Colon

A

The largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs

222
Q

Gastrin

A

A hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the release of HCI

223
Q

Enterogastrone

A

A hormone secreted by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions and motility

224
Q

Breathing

A

The process of the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, including inspiration and expiration

225
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

The membrane where the diffusion of oxygen and other gases occurs between the living cells of the body and the external environment (the atmosphere or water)

226
Q

Respiration

A

All processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment, including breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration

227
Q

Trachea

A

The windpipe

228
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny hair-like structures found on some cells that sweep away foreign debris

229
Q

Epiglottis

A

The structure that covers the glottis (opening of the trachea) during swallowing

230
Q

Larynx

A

The voice box

231
Q

Bronchi

A

The passages from the trachea to the left and right lung

232
Q

Bronchiole

A

The smallest passageways of the respiratory tract

233
Q

Alveoli

A

Sacs in which gas exchange occurs

234
Q

Pleural membrane

A

A thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity

235
Q

Diaphragm

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the thoracic cavity from those of the abdominal cavity

236
Q

Intercostal muscle

A

A muscle that raises and lowers the ribcage

237
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells

238
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen

239
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

An enzyme found in red blood cells that speeds the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

240
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

A specialized nerve receptor that is sensitive to specific chemicals

241
Q

Bronchitis

A

An inflammation of the bronchial tubes

242
Q

Emphysema

A

A respiratory disorder characterized by an over inflation of the alveoli

243
Q

Bronchiole asthma

A

A respiratory disorder characterized by reversible narrowing of the bronchial passages

244
Q

Artery

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

245
Q

Pulse

A

Change in the diameter of arteries following heart contractions

246
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that controls the motor nerves that regulate equilibrium, and that is not under conscious control

247
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of blood vessels, allowing less blood to the tissues

248
Q

Vasodilation

A

The widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood to the tissues

249
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A degeneration of blood vessels caused by the accumulation of fat deposits in the inner wall

250
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

A group of disorders that cause the blood vessels to thicken, harden, and lose their elasticity

251
Q

Aneurysm

A

A bulge in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery

252
Q

Vein

A

A blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart

253
Q

Septum

A

A wall of muscle that separates the right and left sides of the heart

254
Q

Pulmonary circulatory system

A

The system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

255
Q

Systemic circulatory system

A

The system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

256
Q

Atrium

A

A thin-walled chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins

257
Q

Ventricle

A

A muscular, thick-walled chamber of the heart that delivers blood to the arteries

258
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Valve

A

A heart valve that prevents the backflow of blood from a ventricle into an atrium

259
Q

Semilunar valve

A

A vale that prevents the backflow of blood from an artery into a ventricle

260
Q

Aorta

A

The largest artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood to the tissues

261
Q

Coronary artery

A

An artery that supplies the cardiac muscle with oxygen and nutrients

262
Q

Myogenic muscle

A

Muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation

263
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

A small mass of tissue in the right atrium that originates the impulses stimulating the heartbeat

264
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

A small mass of tissue in the right atrioventricular region through which impulses from the sinoatrial node are passed to the ventricules

265
Q

Purkinje fibre

A

A nerve fiber that branches and carries electrical impulses throughout the ventricles

266
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stress

267
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

A division of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to normal resting levels following adjustments to stress

268
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation (dilation) of the heart, during which the atria fill with blood

269
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart, during which blood is pushed out of the heart

270
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped from the heart each minute

271
Q

Stroke volume

A

The quantity of blood pumped with each beat of the heart

272
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force of the blood on the walls of the arteries

273
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

A device used to measure blood pressure

274
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently

275
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Region of a vertebrate’s brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions

276
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid that occupies the spaces between cells and tissues; includes plasma and interstitial fluid

277
Q

Filtration

A

The selective movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient

278
Q

Lymph

A

The fluid found in lymph vessels that contains some proteins that have leaked through capillary walls

279
Q

Lymph node

A

A mass of tissue that stores lymphocytes and removes bacteria and foreign particles from the lymph

280
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A white blood cell that produces antibodies

281
Q

Spleen

A

A lymphoid organ that acts as a reservoir for blood and a filtering site for lymph

282
Q

Thymus gland

A

A lymphoid organ in which T lymphocytes mature

283
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

The involuntary muscle of the heart

284
Q

Smooth muscle

A

The involuntary muscle found in the lining of many organs

285
Q

Tendon

A

A band of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

286
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

A pair of skeletal muscles that are arranged in pairs and that work against each other to make a joint move

287
Q

Flexor

A

The muscle that must contract to bend a joint

288
Q

Extensor

A

The muscle that must contract to straighten a joint

289
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The delicate sheath that surrounds muscle fibers

290
Q

Myofilament

A

A thread of contractile proteins found within muscle fibers

291
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

A compound in muscle cells that releases a phosphate to ADP and helps regenerate ATP supplies in muscle cells

292
Q

Summation

A

Increased muscle contraction produced by the combination of stimuli

293
Q

Tetanus

A

The state of constant muscle contraction caused by sustained nerve impulses

294
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid portion of the blood

295
Q

Erythocyte

A

A red blood cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen

296
Q

Anemia

A

The reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor red blood cell production

297
Q

Leukocyte

A

A white blood cell

298
Q

Platelets

A

A component of blood responsible for initiating blood clotting

299
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and blocks it

300
Q

Embolus

A

A blood clot that dislodges and is carried by the circulatory system to another part of the body

301
Q

Antigen

A

A substance, usually protein, that stimulates the formation of an antibody

302
Q

Antibody

A

A protein formed within the blood that reacts with an antigen

303
Q

Agglutination

A

The clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies

304
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process by which a white blood cell engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe

305
Q

Macrophage

A

A phagocytic white blood cells found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and liver

306
Q

Pus

A

A thick liquid composed of protein fragments from digested leukocytes and microbes

307
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Localized nonspecific response triggered when tissue cells are injured by bacteria or physical injury, characterized by swelling, heat, redness, and pain

308
Q

Complement protein

A

A plasma protein that helps defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for phagocytosis, puncturing cell membranes, or triggering the formation of a mucous coating

309
Q

T cell

A

A lymphocyte, manufactured in the bone marrow and processed by the thymus gland that identifies and attacks foreign substances

310
Q

B cell

A

A lymphocyte, made and processed in the bone marrow, that produces antibodies

311
Q

Receptor site

A

A port along a cell membrane into which hormones, nutrients, and other needed materials fit

312
Q

Helper T cell

A

A T cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens

313
Q

Lymphokine

A

A protein produced by the T cells that acts as a chemical messenger between other T cells and B cells

314
Q

Killer T cell

A

A T cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated cells by puncturing cell membranes

315
Q

Suppressor T cell

A

A T cell that turns off the immune system

316
Q

Memory B cell

A

A B cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen

317
Q

Pluripotent cell

A

A cell that is capable of developing into a number of specialized cells, such as neuron or muscle cells

318
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of amino group from an organic compound

319
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide

320
Q

Uric acid

A

A waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids

321
Q

Ureter

A

A tube that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder

322
Q

Urethra

A

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body

323
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer of the kidney

324
Q

Medulla

A

The area inside of the cortex

325
Q

Renal pelvis

A

The hollow area where the kidney joins the ureter

326
Q

Nephron

A

A functional unit of the kidney

327
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood to the glomerulus

328
Q

Glomerulus

A

The high pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration

329
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood away from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

330
Q

Peritubular capillary

A

A member of the network of small blood vessels that surround the tubule of the nephron

331
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

The cuplike structure that surrounds the glomerulus

332
Q

Proximal tubule

A

The section of the nephron joining the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of Henle

333
Q

Loop of Henle

A

The section of the tubule that carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule

334
Q

Distal tubule

A

Conducts urine from the loop of Henle to the collecting duct

335
Q

Collecting duct

A

A tube that carries urine from nephrons to the renal pelvis

336
Q

Threshold level

A

The maximum amount of a substance that can be moved across the nephron

337
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

The fluid that surrounds the body cells

High School (8 decks)

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