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High School > Biology Unit D Part 2 > Flashcards

Biology Unit D Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

The involuntary muscle of the heart

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2
Q

Smooth muscle

A

The involuntary muscle found in the lining of organs

Skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Tendon

A

A band of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

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4
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

A pair of skeletal muscles that are arranged in pairs and that work against each other to make a joint move

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5
Q

Flexor

A

The muscle that must contract to bend a joint

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6
Q

Extensor

A

The muscle that must contract to straighten a joint

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7
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The delicate sheath that surrounds muscle fibres

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8
Q

Myofilament

A

A thread of contractile proteins found within muscle fibres

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9
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

A compound in muscle cells that releases a phosphate to ADP and hellps regenerate ATP supplies in muscle cells

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10
Q

Summation

A

Increased muscle contraction produced by the combination of stimuli

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11
Q

Tetanus

A

The state of constant muscle contraction caused by sustained nerve impulses

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12
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid portion of the blood

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13
Q

Erythocyte

A

A red blood cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen

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14
Q

Anemia

A

The reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor red blood cell production

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15
Q

Leukocyte

A

A white blood cell

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16
Q

Platelets

A

A component of blood responsible for initiating blood clotting

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17
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and blocks it

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18
Q

Embolus

A

A blood clot that dislodges and is carried by the circulatory system to another part of the body

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19
Q

Antigen

A

A substance, usually protein, that stimulates the formation of an antibody

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20
Q

Antibody

A

A protein formed within the blood that reacts with an antigen

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21
Q

Agglutination

A

The clumping of blood caused by antigens and antibodies

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22
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process by which a white blood cell engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe

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23
Q

Macrophage

A

A phagocytic white blood cells found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and liver

24
Q

Pus

A

A thick liquid composed of protein fragments from digested leukocytes and microbes

25
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Localized nonspecific response triggered when tissue cells are injured by bacteria or physical injury, characterized by swelling, heat, redness, and pain

26
Q

Complement protein

A

A plasma protein that helps defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for phagocytosis, puncturing cell membranes, or triggering the formation of a mucous coating

27
Q

T cell

A

A lymphocyte, manufactured in the bone marrow and processed by the thymus gland that identifies and attacks foreign substances

28
Q

B cell

A

A lymphocyte, made and processed in the bone marrow, that produces antibodies

29
Q

Receptor site

A

A port along a cell membrane into which hormones, nutrients, and other needed materials fit

30
Q

Helper T cell

A

A T cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens

31
Q

Lymphokine

A

A protein produced by the T cells that acts as a chemical messenger between other T cells and B cells

32
Q

Killer T cell

A

A T cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated cells by puncturing membranes

33
Q

Suppressor T cell

A

A T cell that turns off the immune system

34
Q

Memory B cell

A

A B cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen

35
Q

Pluripotent cell

A

A cell that is capable of developing into a number of specialized cells, such as neuron or muscle cells

36
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of amino group from an organic compound

37
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide

38
Q

Uric acid

A

A waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids

39
Q

Ureter

A

A tube that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder

40
Q

Urethra

A

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body

41
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer of the kidney

42
Q

Medulla

A

The area inside the cortex

43
Q

Renal pelvis

A

The hollow area where the kidney joins the ureter

44
Q

Nephron

A

A functional unit of the kidney

45
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood to the glomerulus

46
Q

Glomerulus

A

The high pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration

47
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood away from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

48
Q

Peritubular capillary

A

A member of the network of small blood vessels that surround the tubule of the nephron

49
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

The cupcake structure that surrounds the glomerulus

50
Q

Proximal tubule

A

The section of the nephron joining the Bowmna’s capsule with the loop of Henle

51
Q

Loop of Henle

A

The sectiion of the tubule that carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule

52
Q

Distal tubule

A

Conducts urine frmo the loop of Henle to the collecting duct

53
Q

Collecting duct

A

A tube that carries urine from nephrons to the renal pelvis

54
Q

Threshold level

A

The maximum amount of a substance that can by moved across the nephron

55
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

The fluid that surrounds the body cells

High School (8 decks)

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