Social Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Social Structure

A

Set of social statuses, roles, group, networks, and institutions that organize and influence that way people live

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2
Q

Resources

A

Things individuals have or can acquire to accomplish goals (ex. money, education, status, and formal/informal knowledge). Shapes life chances

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3
Q

Life Chances

A

Opportunities to provide yourself with material goods, positive living conditions, and favourable life experiences

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4
Q

Rules

A

Formal/Informal expectations for behaving in any given situation

Formal examples: laws, organizational policies

Informal examples: don’t be naked in public, sneeze in your arm

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5
Q

Social Network

A

A series of social relationships that link a person directly to other individuals and indirectly to even more people

Can constrain/enable access to resources, information, and opportunities

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6
Q

Statuses

A

A person’s/group’s socially determined positions in society. It comes with social meaning and sets of social expressions

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7
Q

Ascribed Status

A

Involuntary status (ex. race, gender, age, etc.). It places people in social hierarchies and influences resources society makes available to individuals

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8
Q

Achieved Status

A

Voluntary status. Result of efforts/intentions (ex. college students, athletes, etc.)

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9
Q

Role

A

Derived from statuses. How people act due to how others expect them to behave because of their status

Examples: baristas are expected to know about coffee, students are expected to sit and listen

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10
Q

Role Strain

A

One role requires too much (ex. parenting)

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11
Q

Role Conflict

A

Multiple roles contradict one another (ex. working and being a student)

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12
Q

Social Groups

A

Two or more people with similar values and expectations who interact with each other on a regular basis

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13
Q

Primary Groups

A

Members aren’t interchangeable and relationships are enduring and meaningful (ex. family, romantic partners)

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14
Q

Secondary Groups

A

Impersonal and goal-orientated. Can be temporary and can have organized structures, rules, and authority figures (ex. coworkers, classmates)

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15
Q

Institutions

A

Consists of networks, statuses, roles, and groups that guide behaviors and is the main aspect of social life (ex. education, marriage, governments, etc.)

Governed by norms and can establish social order and perpetuate inequalities

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16
Q

Socialization

A

A process by which we learn to adhere to unwritten rules of social life. We learn cultures and expectations with our roles and gives us an identity

17
Q

Agents of Socialization

A

Individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions that influence sense of self and helps us learn how to be a member of society

4 major agents of socialization

1) Family
2) School
3) Peers
4) Media

18
Q

Agency

A

Acting on your own will within constraints posed by social structures and resources

19
Q

Looking-Glass Self. Who coined the term?

A

Charles Cooley. The way how our perception of how others see us affects our sense of self

20
Q

Generalized Other

A

The values and norms of the larger culture that individuals use to guide their actions

21
Q

Reference Group

A

A group of individuals that others use as a comparison to guide their own beliefs, values, and behaviors, whether they’re a part of the group or not

22
Q

Dramaturgy. Who coined the concept? What is “audience” and “performance”?

A

Erving Goffman’s theory of social interactions that uses the framework of theatre performances to describe how people behave and represent themselves

“Audience” gives the individual a certain amount of leeways, forgiving small mistakes, but interaction breaks down when the “performance” is no longer credible

23
Q

Impression Management

A

The way which people try to control how others perceive them

Examples: Facial expressions, mannerisms, appearance, what people say and how

24
Q

Face

A

The “image” presented and depends on the situation and audience

“Saving face” or “face work” is how people make adjustments based on mistakes

25
Q

Front Stage

A

Where the performance takes place (most social interactions)

26
Q

Back Stage

A

What happens out of the public eye (when someone is along or with trusted people)

People work in teams in particular situations: coworkers (ex. talking about customers), romantic partners, etc.

27
Q

Self

A

A collection of roles we enact in different situations and with different audience members

28
Q

Feeling Rules. Who coined the concept?

A

Concept from Arlie Hochschild that refers to social norms that shape the emotions people experience and express in different situations

29
Q

Emotional Management. Who coined the term?

A

Arlie Hochschild. People work to change how they feel or how they appear to feel, based on these norms. People inhibit/produce emotions based on the situation

30
Q

Emotional Labour

A

How people manage their emotions in way that are required by their occupation

31
Q

Thomas Theorem

A

“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”

32
Q

Role Set

A

One person is associated with multiple roles/statuses