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Psychology > Social Structure And Demographics > Flashcards

Social Structure And Demographics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is macrosociology?

A

Focuses on large groups and social structure

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2
Q

What is microsociology?

A

It focuses on small groups and the individual

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3
Q

What is social structure?

A

It’s a system of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

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4
Q

What is functionalism or functional analysis?

A

The study of the structure and function of each part of society

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5
Q

What does the term function refer to?

A

The beneficial consequences of people’s actions

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6
Q

What is the opposite of function?

A

Dysfunction, which is harmful consequences of people’s actions as they undermine a social system’s equilibrium

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7
Q

What are manifest and latent functions?

A

A manifest function is an action that is intended to help some part of a system while a latent function is an unintended positive consequence from the manifest function

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8
Q

What is defiance?

A

It refers to an act or behavior that goes against social norms

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9
Q

Explain conflict theory

A

It focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

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10
Q

What is symbolic interactionism?

A

It’s the study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

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11
Q

What are symbols?

A

Things to which we attach meaning

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12
Q

What is social constructionism?

A

It focuses on how individuals put together their social reality

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13
Q

What is the rational choice theory?

A

It focuses on decision making in an individual and attempts to reduce this process to a careful consideration of benefits and harms to the individual.

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14
Q

What is the exchange theory?

A

It says that an individual will carry out certain behaviors because of anticipated rewards and will avoid certain behaviors because of anticipated punishments

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15
Q

What is the feminist theory?

A

It seeks to explain the social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender such as the subordination of women through social structures and institutional discrimination

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16
Q

What is gender role?

A

It refers to the behaviors expected of a given gender

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17
Q

Describe what sexual inequality is.

A

Differential expectations of behavior between men and women

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18
Q

What does it mean to be objectified?

A

It means to be viewed as a sexual object rather than a person

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19
Q

What is financial inequality?

A

That women are frequently underpaid less for equal work and less promoted in the work place

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20
Q

What is the phenomenon known as glass ceiling?

A

That women are unable to receive as many promotions and have a more difficult time attaining top-level administrative positions within a company

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21
Q

What are social institutions?

A

Well-established social structures that dictate certain behavior or relationships are accepted as a fundamental part of culture. They regulate the behavior of individuals in core areas of society

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22
Q

What is family?

A

A social institution that is influence by a number of different factors including culture, value systems, beliefs, practices, gender, age, race, ethnicity, and others.

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23
Q

What is teacher expectancy?

A

The idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from their students

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24
Q

What is religion?

A

A pattern of social activities organized around a set of beliefs and practices that seek to address the meaning of existence

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25
Q

What is religiosity?

A

Refers to how religious one considers him or herself to be and includes strength of religious beliefs, engagement in religious practices, and attitudes about religion itself.

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26
Q

What is a sect?

A

A religious group that has chosen to break off from the parent religion.

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27
Q

What is a democracy?

A

It allows every citizen a political vote, usually through electing representatives to office

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28
Q

What is a monarchy?

A

They have a royal ruler (king or queen) although the rulers powers may be significantly limited by the presence of a constitution and parliamentary system

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29
Q

What is a dictatorship?

A

A system where a single person holds power, and usually includes mechanisms to quell treats to this power

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30
Q

What is a theocracy?

A

A system where power is held by religious leaders

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31
Q

What is a capitalist economy?

A

One that focuses on free market trade and laissez-faire policies, where success or failure in business is primarily driven by consumerism with as little intervention from central governing bodies as possible

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32
Q

What is a socialist economy?

A

It treats large industries as collective, shared businesses, and compensation is provided based on the work contribution of each individual into the system

33
Q

What does medicalized mean?

A

That something is defined and treated as medical conditions

34
Q

What are the four key tenets of medical ethics?

A
  1. Beneficence
  2. Nonmaleficence
  3. Respect for patient autonomy
  4. Justice
35
Q

What is beneficence?

A

The physician has a responsibility to act in the patients best interest

36
Q

What is nonmaleficence?

A

Do no harm. The physician has a responsibility to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential harm outweighs the potential for benefit

37
Q

What is respect for patient autonomy?

A

The physician has a responsibility to respect the pateients decisions and choices about their own healthcare

38
Q

What does justice mean?

A

The physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care and to distribute healthcare resources fairly

39
Q

What is culture?

A

It is defined as encompassing the entire lifestyle for a given group

40
Q

What are artifacts?

A

Material items that they make, posses and value

41
Q

What is material culture?

A

Explore the meaning of objects of a given society such as physical items like artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools.

42
Q

What is symbolic culture?

A

It focuses on the ideas that represent a group of people. It can be encoded in mottos, songs, or catchphrases, or may simply be themes that are pervasive in the culture

43
Q

What are values?

A

What a person deems important in life, which dictates one’s ethical principles and standards of behavior

44
Q

What are beliefs?

A

It is something an individual accepts to be truth

45
Q

What are norms?

A

Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

46
Q

What is a ritual?

A

A formalized ceremony that usually involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behavior

47
Q

What are demographics?

A

The statistics of populations and are mathematically applications of sociology

48
Q

What is ageism?

A

Prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a persons age

49
Q

What is gender?

A

A social construct that corresponds to the behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with biological sexes

50
Q

What is gender inequality?

A

Intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

51
Q

What is gender segregation?

A

Separation of individuals based on sex

52
Q

What is race?

A

The social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people

53
Q

What is radicalization?

A

The definition or establishment of a group as a particular race

54
Q

What is the racial formation theory?

A

States that racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors

55
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

It sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors

56
Q

What is symbolic ethnicity?

A

A specific connection to ones ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not okay a significant role in everyday life

57
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

The direction of ones sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes

58
Q

What is heterosexual?

A

Attraction to individuals of the opposite sex

59
Q

What is bisexual?

A

Attraction to members of both sexes

60
Q

What is homosexual?

A

Attraction to members of the same sex

61
Q

What is demographic shifts?

A

Changes in the make up of a population over time

62
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

Refers to the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

63
Q

What is the mortality rate?

A

Refers to the number of deaths in a population per unit of time. It is usually measure in deaths per 1000 people per year

64
Q

What is immigration?

A

Movement into a new geographic space

65
Q

What is emigration?

A

Movement away from a geographic space

66
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Positive attributes of the new location that attract the immigrant

67
Q

What are push factors?

A

Negative attributes of the old location that encourage the immigrant to leave

68
Q

What is a demographic shift?

A

General terms for changes in population make up over time

69
Q

What is demographic transition?

A

Specifics examples of demographic shift referring to changes in birth and death rates in a country as it develops from a preindustrial to industrial economic system

70
Q

What is the Malthusian theory?

A

Focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

71
Q

What are social movements?

A

They are organized either to promote or to resist social change

72
Q

What is gender segregation?

A

Separation of individuals based on perceived gender

73
Q

What is relative deprivation?

A

Decreases in resources, representation, or agency relative to the past or to the whole of society

74
Q

Social movements that promote social change are termed…

A

Proactive

75
Q

Social movements that resist social change are called…

A

Reactive

76
Q

What is globalization?

A

The process of integrating the global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign markets

77
Q

What is urbanization?

A

Dense areas of population creating a pull of migration. They are cities that are formed as individuals move into and establish residency in these new urban centers

78
Q

What are ghettos?

A

Areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, usually due to social or economic inequities

79
Q

What is a slum?

A

Extremely densely populated area of a city with low-quality, often informal housing and sanitation

Psychology (8 decks)

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