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Psychology > Cognition, Consciousness, And Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, And Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the information processing model.

A

States that the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer

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2
Q

What influences cognitive development?

A

Brain maturation, culture, genes and environment

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3
Q

What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Pre-operational
  3. Concrete operational
  4. Formal operational
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4
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A

Focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions. Object permanence ends this stage

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5
Q

What is the preoperational stage?

A

Focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

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6
Q

What is the concrete operational stage?

A

Focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects

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7
Q

What is the formal operational stage?

A

Focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving

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8
Q

Which biological factors affect cognition?

A

Organic brain disorders, genetic and chromosomal conditions, metabolic derangements and drug use

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9
Q

What are the steps of problem solving?

A
  1. Identification and understanding of the problem
  2. Generation of potential solutions
  3. Testing of potential solutions
  4. Evaluation of results
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10
Q

What is a mental set?

A

A pattern of approach for a given problem.

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11
Q

What would an inappropriate mental set do to problem solving?

A

Could negatively impact problem solving

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12
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

The tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem-solving

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13
Q

What are the different types of problem solving?

A
  1. Trial and error
  2. Algorithms
  3. Deductive reasoning
  4. Inductive reasoning
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14
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Short cuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions

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15
Q

What are biases?

A

They exist when an experimenter or decision maker is unable to objectively evaluate information

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16
Q

What is intuition?

A

“Gut feeling” regarding a particular decision. However, intuition can often be attributed to experience with similar situations.

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17
Q

What are the seven areas of intelligence proposed in Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

A
  1. Linguistic
  2. Logical-mathematical
  3. Musical
  4. Visual-spatial
  5. Bodily-kinesthetic
  6. Interpersonal
  7. Interpersonal
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18
Q

What are the states of consciousness?

A
  1. Alertness
  2. Sleep
  3. Dreaming
  4. Altered states of consciousness
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19
Q

What is alertness?

A

The state of being awake and able to think, perceive, process, and express information.

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20
Q

What types of waves are predominant in the state of alertness?

A

Beta and alpha waves

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21
Q

What is stage one of sleep?

A

Light sleep and dominated by theta waves

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22
Q

What is stage two of sleep?

A

Slightly deeper sleep and includes theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes.

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23
Q

What waves are predominant in stages 3 and 4?

A

Delta waves

24
Q

What is R.E.M. Sleep?

A

Rapid eye movement; sometimes called paradoxical sleep because the mind appears to be awake but the person is asleep.

25
Q

Describe the sleep cycle.

A

Usually lasts about 90 minutes for adults. Normal cycle is 1,2,3,4,3,2, R.E.M.

26
Q

When is REM more frequent?

A

In the mornings

27
Q

What hormone results in sleepiness?

A

Melatonin, which is released by the pineal gland in response to changes in light

28
Q

Which hormone helps with wakefulness?

A

Cortisol

29
Q

When does most dreaming occur?

A

REM sleep

30
Q

What sleep disorders are included in dyssomnias?

A

Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation.

31
Q

Which sleep disorders are included as parasomnias?

A

Night terrors and sleepwalking

32
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

A state of consciousness in which individuals appear to be in control of their normal faculties but are in a highly suggestible state.

33
Q

What is meditation?

A

Involves s quieting of the mind and is often used for relief of anxiety

34
Q

What are the groups of consciousness altering drugs?

A

Depressants, stimulants, opiates, and hallucinogens

35
Q

What are depressants?

A

They promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain. They include alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.

36
Q

What are stimulants?

A

They increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin concentrations at the synaptic cleft. These include, amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy.

37
Q

What are opiates and opioids?

A

They are prescription pain medications such as oxycodone and hydrocodone.

38
Q

What is marijuana classified as?

A

Depressant, stimulant, and has hallucinogenic effects.

39
Q

What part of the brain is associated with drug addiction?

A

The Mesolimbic pathway

40
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention.

41
Q

What is divided attention?

A

It uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at once

42
Q

What are the components of language?

A
  1. Phonology
  2. Morphology
  3. Semantics
  4. Syntax
  5. Pragmatics
43
Q

What is phonology?

A

Refers to the actual sound of speech

44
Q

What is morphology?

A

Refers to the building blocks of words

45
Q

What are semantics?

A

The meaning of words

46
Q

What is syntax?

A

The rules for dictating word order

47
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

Refers to the changes in language delivery depending on context

48
Q

What is the nativist (biological) theory of language?

A

Explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by the language acquisition device

49
Q

What is the learning (behaviorist) theory of language?

A

Explains language acquisition as being controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

50
Q

What is the social interaction it’s theory of language?

A

It explains language acquisition as being caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others

51
Q

What is the whorfian hypothesis?

A

States that the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language

52
Q

Where are speech areas found in the brain?

A

The dominant hemisphere which is usually the left

53
Q

What is Broca’s area for?

A

Controlling motor function of speech

54
Q

Where is language comprehension controlled?

A

Wernicke’s area

55
Q

What connects Broca’s area to wernickes area?

A

The arcuate fasciculus

Psychology (8 decks)

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