Social Structure Flashcards
emile durkheim and functionalism
view that sees society as a living organism with many different parts with a distinct purpose
emile durkheim and dynamic equilibrium
complex interdependent parts work together to maintain stabillity
functionalist framework’s manifest and latent functions
manifest are intended, latent are unintended
karl marx and conflict theory
ludwig gumplowicz and max weber
views society as a competition for limited resources
ludwig gumplowicz thought society was shaped by war and conquest
max weber agreed on capital inequality but agreed there were other factors as well
symbolic interactionism
sees society as a buildup of everyday typical interactions
rational choice theory
argues that we make choices based on greatest reward smallest cost
related social exchange theory
we assign different values to different actions and prefer actions with greatest personal benefit
methodological individualism
all social realities are a result of individual actions and interactions
polygyny vs polyandry
man married to multiple woman vs woman married to multiple men
endogamy vs exogamy
marrying in group vs outside of group
kinship
cultural group, not necessarily family
egalitarian family
spouses are treated as equals
educational stratification
how different school districts, parent involvement etc can affect children’s educational achievement differences
ecclesia
dominant religious organization includes most of society and is official language
church
religion well integrated into larger society
sect
religious organization distinct from larger society
cult
religious organization far outside society’s norms
secularization
process through which religion loses its social significance in society
fundamentalism
strong attachment to traditional religious beliefs
religiosity and fundamentalists
extent to which religion influences person’s life, extreme versions of this are fundamentalists
rational legal authority, traditional authority, charismatic authority
USA
legal rules stipulated in document
power due to custom, tradition
power of persuasion
aristarchic, meritocracy, autocratic, monarchic
controlled by small group based on specific qualifications
power given to those with skills
controlled by single person with absolute power
ruled by someone who inherited role
authoritarian, totalitarian, democratic, oligarchic
authoritarian: unelected leaders
totalitarian: unelected regulates public and private life
democratic: elected leaders
oligarchic: small group w shared interest, elected or unelected
republican government, federalist, parliamentary, presidential
people have supreme power, governing representative head shares power with constituent groups, have executive and legislative branches, organized branches including president
command, market, mixed, traditional economies
means of production are public (socialism), economy based on market, blend of command and market, social customs in economic decisions
communism
type of socialism with absence of currencies, classes, states
welfare vs state capitalism
private economy with extensive social welfare programs
companies privately run but work with government in forming laws
mechanical vs organic solidarity
mechanical: allows society to remain integrated because individuals have common belief and same experience - share collective conscience
organic: integrates through division of labor, each person has different experience
medicalization
process by which condition becomes diagnosis w treatment
social vs medical model of disease
social emphasizes social class, employment
medical emphasizes physical cause of illness
social epidemiology
studies how social organization contributes to disease
sick role
others will take up work they did and sick person must fulfill role to try and get better
symbolic culture
consists of symbols that are recognized by people of same culture
non tangible culture (norms, beliefs, ideas)
sapir-whorf hypothesis
people understand their world through language and that language shapes how they experience world
material vs non material culture
involves physical objects vs thoughts and ideas
values vs beliefs vs norms
cultures standard for evaluating what is good or bad
convictions that people hold
visible and invisible rules of social conduct
sociobiology
biologic basis for behavior
cultural diffusion vs cultural transmission
transfer of elements of culture from on group to another
information is spread across generations
reverse culture shock
individual returns to initial environment, overwhelmed by social environment
population pyramids
help predict population trends and determine the social needs for dependents
crude birth and death rate
annual number of births and deaths per 1000 people
general fertility rate vs total fertility rate
annual number of births per 1000 women
number of births per single woman in population
population lag effect, population momentum
change in total fertility rates are often not reflected in birth rate for several generations, leading to population momentum, when those children produced during that reproduce
mortality vs morbidity
death rate vs nature and treatment of disease in population
prevalence vs incidence rate
number of people experiencing a disease and number of new cases of a disease
case fatality rate
deaths as a result of a set diagnosis
external vs internal migration
leaving country vs another region of same country
push factor
things that are unattractive about an area that push people to leave
urban sprawl and urban blight
migration to urban areas
less functioning areas of large cities degrade as a result of urban decline
demographic transition
transition from higher to lower birth rates and death rates as country develops
thomas rober malthus and malthusianism, positive and preventative checks
possible rate of population increase exceeds the possible rate of resource increase
positive check raises death rate, preventative checks lower birth rate
malthusian catastrophe
neo malthusianism
resources cannot support population
movement based on these principles that advocate for population control
the great migration
domestic reverse migration
black migration back to urban South
racialization
social process where dominant group ascribes racial identities that do not relate to labels
heterosexism
homophobic
immigration during 17th, 19th, 20th, late 20th
17-18: english colonists/indentured servants
19: migrants from northern europe
20: from southern and eastern europe
late 20th: asia and latin america
intergenerational mobility
change in social class between parents and children in family
intragenerational mobility
difference in social class between different members of same generation
class and false consciousness
being aware of social class not recognizing state of class relations
social reproduction
structures that reinforce social inequality
power vs prestige
ability to get other people to do something
reputation in society
global stratification
compares wealth of various countries
