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MCAT Psych/Sociology > Learning, Memory, Behavior > Flashcards

Learning, Memory, Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

nonassociative learning

A

organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus
habituation and sensitization
learn to “tune out”

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2
Q

dishabituation

A

previously habituated stimulus is removed

unlearn something after a while

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3
Q

sensitization

A

increase in responsiveness because of repeated stimulus

getting so annoyed you snap easier

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4
Q

associative learning, 2 types

A

classical and operant conditioning

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

before conditioning
unconditioned stimulus gets unconditioned response
neural stimulus gets no response
during conditioning
pair neural stimulus with unconditional stimulus = unconditioned response
after conditioning
conditioned stimulus gives conditioned response

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6
Q

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination in relation to classical conditioning

A

acquisition: process of learning conditioned response
extinction: when conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are not paired, you forget conditioned response
spontaneous recovery: extinct conditioned response occurs again after long time when conditioned stimulus is presented
generalization: stimuli other than conditioned stimulus elicit conditioned response
discrimination: conditioned stimulus has been separated from other stimuli

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7
Q

operant conditioning

A

positive or negative reinforcement

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8
Q

primary and secondary reinforcers in operant conditioning

A

primary innately is a positive reinforcement

secondary neural stimuli conditioned to be with positive reinforcement

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9
Q

continuous vs intermittent reinforcement schedule, types of intermitten

A

continuous: rapid behavior acquisition, but also rapid extinction
intermittent: fixed ratio (procrastination), variable ratio (slow extinction), fixed interval (superstition) , variable interval (slow, consistent learning)

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10
Q

positive punishment vs negative punishment

A

add something you dont want vs taking something you want away

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11
Q

positive reinforcement vs negative reinforcement

A

add something they want vs taking away something you don’t want

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12
Q

behaviorism vs cognitive psychology

A

just looking at behaviors/things that happen vs focusing on brain/thoughts/cognition

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13
Q

insight learning

A

combining separate things you’ve learned in unique ways

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14
Q

latent learning

A

learning things unconsciously/not explicitly

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15
Q

long term potentiation

A

long term memory occurring due to stronger electrochemical response and neuron needing less prompting to fire impulse

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16
Q

observational learning and modeling

A

learning through copying behavior

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17
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

people will be influenced by content of speech and by other superficial characteristics

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18
Q

cognitive routes of persuasion, central and peripheral

A

central: persuaded by content
peripheral: focus on superficial factors

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19
Q

social cognitive theory

A

theory of behavior change that emphasizes interactions between people and environment - how we interpret social factors

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20
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

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21
Q

behavioral genetics

A

determine role of inheritance in behavioral traits

22
Q

intelligence by francis galton, alfred binet, charles spearman, raymond cattell, howard gardner

A

francis galton: believed intelligence was biologically based and could be quantified
alfred binet: invented intelligence tests to schoolchildren
charles spearman: coined the term “general intelligence”
raymond cattell: 2 types of intelligences, fluid (thinking on your feet) and crystallized (memorization)
howard gardner: broke intelligence into 8 modalities

23
Q

moro reflex

A

in response to loud sound, infant will throw back head and extend arms/legs, cry, and pull everything back in

24
Q

rooting reflex

A

in response to touching, baby turns head in direction and opens mouth

25
Q

sucking reflex

A

if anything touches roof of baby’s mouth, will suck

26
Q

babinski reflex

A

if sole of foot is stroked, big toe moves up and other toes fan out

27
Q

tonic neck reflex

A

if head is turned to one side, baby stretches arm on same side and bends opposite elbow

28
Q

palmar grasp reflex

A

if stroke baby’s palm, baby’s hand will grasp

29
Q

walking/stepping reflex

A

sole of baby’s foot touches flat surface, they will attempt to walk

30
Q

order of movement type by age

A

reflexive, rudimentary (voluntary movements), fundamental (manipulate body through actions), specialized (combining fundamental movements) transitional + application stages, application of movement

31
Q

infantile amnesia

A

unable to remember much from first 3.5 yrs

32
Q

harry and margaret harlow experiments

A

contact comfort necessary in baby mother bonding

33
Q

mary ainsworth, securely attached vs insecurely attached

A

securely: when mother present play and explore, when not are distressed, when return easily consoled
insecurely: when mother present cling, when not get upset, indifferent when return

34
Q

3 parenting styles

A

authoritarian, permissive, authoritative (parents listen, encourage independence, place limits, warm)

35
Q

serial position effect

primacy/recency effect

A

first items in list more easy to recall

36
Q

dual coding hypothesis

method of loci, self reference effect

A

easier to remember words with associated images with than either alone
method of loci: imagine moving through a familiar place and leaving visual representation of topic to remember
self reference effect: relate to self

37
Q

different stores of memory

A

sensory, short term, long term

38
Q

sensory memory, 2 types

A

initial recording of sensory info
iconic memory: brief photographic memory for visual information
echoic memory: memory for sound

39
Q

short term vs working memory, where in brain

A

short term: hippocampus, either goes to long term or gets forgotten
working memory: prefrontal cortex, holds memory that is needed for any particular moment to solve probllem

40
Q

long term memory 2 types, 2 types of the conscious type, why they’re different

A

explicit (memory w conscious recall) - memory from events and semantic memory from general knowledge vs implicit (memory without conscious recall) - how to perform motor skills and actions
explicit is hippocampus, implicit is cerebellum
not episodic memory, which is lightbulb memory from highly emotional events

41
Q

how recall of memory works with nodes

A

random node is activated if response threshold reached through summation
then spreading activation activates nearby neurons

42
Q

mood dependent memory

A

what we learn in one state is most easily recalled during same emotional state

43
Q

prospective recall

A

remembering to do things in the future

44
Q

anterograde amnesia, which part of brain is damaged

A

inability to code new memories, hippocampus damaged

45
Q

retrograde amnesia, which part of brain is damaged

A

inability to recall memories, not hippocampus

46
Q

retention interval of memory

A

most forgetting occurs rapidly in first few days and levels off

47
Q

proactive interference, retroactive interference, positive transfer

A

previously learned interferes with recalling new info
new info interferes with recalling old info
old info helps learn new info

48
Q

misinformation effect

A

tendency to misremember when exposed to subtle misinformation

49
Q

source monitoring

A

misremembering source of info

50
Q

long term memory stored in

A

hippocampus

51
Q

taking multiple choice vs short answer test is which type of memory

A

recognition vs recall

52
Q

procedural memory stored in

A

basal ganglia

MCAT Psych/Sociology (5 decks)

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