Self Identity and Group Identity Flashcards
self concept vs self consciousness
sum of an individual’s knowledge and understand of themself
awareness of one’s self
self schema
beliefs that person has about themself
2 types of identity
personal vs social
personal: own’s sense of personal attributes
social: social definitions of who you are
self reference effect
tendency to better remember information relevant to us
carl rogers and incongruity
believed we have ideal self and real self and when they don’t match up we feel incongruity
self efficacy
belief in one’s competence
internal vs external locus of control
perceives outcomes are controlled ourself vs outside force
learned helplessness
after enduring a situation out of control, you continue the practice of not believing you can change the outcome in future situations
Charles Cooley and looking glass self
person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society
George Herbert Mead and social behaviorism, stages
mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others
copy each other as children, role play when older, become able to serve multiple roles, and then learn generalized other, behavior of normal human
symbolic interactionism
social interaction brings about meaning to things
Individuals act on the premise of a shared understanding of meaning within their social context
I vs me
me is social self, I is real self
I is able to evaluate
norms followed by ______ behavior which is reinforced every day by ______
normative behavior, sanctions
formal vs informal norms
laws vs understood
mores vs folkways vs taboo
mores: very important for benefit of society and is strictly enforced
folkways: less important norms that shape everyday behavior
taboo: customs forbid
anomie
social condition where individuals are not provided firm guidelines and there is minimal moral guidance
non normative vs deviance
non normative behavior: challenges shared values and threaten social structure
deviance: actions that violate the dominant social norms
Edwin Sutherland’s differential association
deviance is learned behavior resulting from interactions between individuals and their communities
people are most influenced by their close personal friends
Howard Becker’s labeling theory
deviance is result of society’s response to a person rather than person’s inherent actions
self fulfilling prophecy
individual exhibits deviant behaviors to fulfill expectations associated with specific ascribed labels
agents of social control
usually those in power able to define difference in deviant and nondeviant, perhaps through legislation
Robert Merton’s structural strain theory
deviance is result of experienced strain, either individual or structural
collective behavior
does not reflect existing social structure but are spontaneous situations where individuals engage in actions that otherwise violate social norms
Herbert Blumer 4 main forms of collective behavior
crowds: group that shares a purpose
publics: group of individuals discussing a single issue
masses: group whose formation is prompted through efforts of mass media
social movements: collective behavior with intention of promoting change, active vs expressive
fad vs mass hysteria
fad: rapid increase and subsequent decrease in something
mass hysteria: collective delusion of some threat that spreads through emotion and escalates out of control
moral panic
specific form of panic as a result of perceived threat to social order
riots
crowd behavior with no specific end, sudden onset civil disorder
6 agents of socialization
family school peer groups workplalce religion/government mass media/technology
assimilation vs amalgamation
assimilation: individual forsakes aspects of own culture to adopt new
amalgamation: majority and minority combine to form new group
multiculturalism
each cultural tradition has equal standing
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
level 1: morality judged by direct consequence to self
stage 1: obedience and punishment
sage 2: self interest
level 2: morality judged comparing to society
stage 3: interpersonal accord and conformity
stage 4: authority and social order maintaining
level 3: morality judged by internal ethics
stage 5: social contract orientation
stage 6: universal ethical principles
attribution theory, dispositional vs situational
attribute behaviors to internal or external causes
what determines whether we attribute behavior to internal or external causes
consistency (always mad or just now), distinctiveness (angry at everyone or just you), consensus (one person mad or everyone mad)
fundamental attribution error
mis-decide the reason for something (situation or the person)
actor-observer bias
blame our actions on situation and blame the action of others on their personality
self serving bias
attribute success to ourself and failure to others
optimism bias
belief that bad things happen to other people but not us
just world phenomenon
believe that world is fair and people get what they deserve
halo effect
people have inherently good or bad natures rather than looking at individual characteristics
physical attractiveness stereotype
people tend to rate attractive individuals more favorably for personality traits
social perception
understanding of others in social world
social cognition
ability of brain to process information regarding social perception
false consensus
assume everyone else agrees with us
projection bias
assume other have same belief as we do
prejudice vs discrimination
prejudice you don’t act, discrimination you act
illusory correlation
fake connection between group of people and perceived characteristic
self fulfilling prophecy
stereotypes lead to behaviors that affirm original stereotype
stereotype threat
self fulfilling feat that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotype
ethnocentrism
when different cultures interact, we judge by standards of own culture
particular group is superior
cultural relativism
no superior group exists, encourages mindset of being unbiased to all kinds of groups
aggregate
people who exist in same space but do not interact or share a common identity
Max Weber’s 5 facets of an ideal bureaucracy
covers fixed area of activity, hierarchically organized, workers have expert training in specialty, organization rank is impersonal no favoritism, workers follow set procedures for productivity
rationalization
process by which tasks are broken down into component parts for efficiency
iron law of oligarchy
revolutionary organizations inevitable become less so with organizational structure and development
social facilitation effect
people tend to perform better on simple tasks when others are present due to arousal - not harder tasks
deindividuation
high degree of arousal, low sense of responsibility, mob mentality, lose restraint and identity with group mentality
solomon asch testing group pressure
planted confederates and discovered conformity/tendency to agree with group consensus
3 ways that behavior may be motivated by social influences
compliance (desire to seek reward or avoid punishment), identification (desire to be like someone), internalization (values of society)
normative vs informational social influence
conform to be liked vs comply because we want to be right and others know something i don’t
what factors influence conformity
group size, unanimity, cohesion, status, accountability, no prior commitment
master status
most prominent title of someone
ascribed status
assigned to person by society
role conflict
conflict in society’s expectations of multiple statuses held by the same person
role strain
single role results in conflicting expectations
role exit
disengaging from role that was close to one’s identity
utilitarian organizations
members paid for effort
normative organization
membership based on morally relevant goall
coercive organization
members have no choice in joining
self handicapping
people create excuses to avoid self blame when they do poorly
dramaturgical perspective, front stage and back stage
we imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting
front stage is way we come across, back stage is when we’re ourselves
frustration aggression principlle
when someone is blocked from achieving a goal, frustration can become aggression
inclusive fitness of organism depends on
of offspring, how it supports offspring, how offspring support others
evolutionary game theory
used to predict larg systems such as overall behavior of population
impression management
expressing parts of self depending on person receiving interaction
social loafing theory
people in groups exert less effort when not held individually accountable
hangover identity
occurs with role someone has in for a long time
structural functionalist
purpose of individual structures is to contribute to stability of whole society
conflict theorist
power differentials and social inequality contribute to social order
John Kelley’s 3 sources of information people use to analyze covariance (cause of behavior)
consistency (react same way every time?)
consensus (everyone react this way or just one?)
distinction (react to this specific thing or to everything)
mere exposure effect
individuals develop positive attitudes towards something with more frequent exposure
availability heuristic
we make choices based on information that is most available in our minds
group polarization vs groupthink
group polarization start like minded and become extremely polarized together
groupthink start different but similar and reach consensus
