Interacting with the Environment Flashcards
broadbent filter model vs treisman attenuation model of selective attention
starts with attended and unattended message
1. sensory store
2. selective filter
3. bottlenecks attended message to higher level processing
4. working memory
starts with attended and unattended message
3. unattended message becomes “attenuated”, softer
cocktail party effect/selective priming
people are selectively primed to notice things frequently heard - explains how we hear things we are not focused on
visual processing binding problem
problem of how different aspects are assembled together relating to single object
resource model of attention
explains divided attention, says we only have limited pool of specific resource to draw on when performing tasks
(depends on type of task, difficulty of task, familiarity with task)
information processing model
attention, perception, storage into memory
Baddeley Model of Working memory
central executive oversees phonological loop (repeating to self), episodic buffer (relating to episode in life), visuospatial sketchpad (using mental images)
Piaget’s ideas on children development to new ideas
either assimilate experience into current schema, or accommodate our own schema by adjusting to make snese of new experience
Piaget’s 4 developmental stages
sensorimotor stage: learn through senses/movement, learn object permanence
preoperational stage: learn that things can be represented through symbols, egocentric
concrete operational stage: learn how think logically, principle of conservation (idea that quantity remains same despite change in shape)
formal operational stage: reasoning
cognitive changes in late adulthood
memory, remembering time-based tasks, slower reaction time/speech
confirmation bias
tendency to search only for information that confirms your ideas
fixation/mental set/functional fixedness
fixation: inability to see the problem from a fresh perspective
mental set: tendency to fixate on solutions that worked in the past
functional fixedness: tendency to perceive function of object as fixed
heuristics
mental shortcuts
belief bias/belief perseverance
belief bias: tendency to judge arguments based on what one believes rather than logic
belief perseverance: tendency to cling to beliefs despite contrary evidence
alertness/arousal controlled by which part of brain
reticular formation in brainstem
type of EEG waves when awake but sleepy
alpha waves - low amplitude, high frequency
stages of sleep, type of waves
stage 1 sleep - nonREM sleep, theta waves
stage 2 sleep - K complexes and sleep spindles
stage 3 & 4 - delta waves (slow wave deep sleep)- high amplitude, low frequency
final REM - waves resemble beta of being awake and alert
when does deep sleep happen
early in the night, less as night progresses
how light affects sleepiness
darkness causes SCN to signal to pineal gland to produce melatonin - makes you tired
bright light regulates SCN and also directly inhibits melatonin release
when do dreams happen
REM
Freud’s ideas on dreams
manifest content: plotlines or dreams were symbolic of latent content: unconscious drives
dyssomnia, insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, parasomnia, somnambulism, night terrors
dyssomnia - abnormalities in amount of sleep
sleep apnea: intermittently stop breathing during sleep which results in waking up
parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep
somnambulism: sleepwalking
night terrors: occur during stage 3, don’t recall
hypnotism and dissociation theory
hypnotism is just extreme form of divided attention
social influence theory
people do and report what’s expected of them
mindfulness based stress reduction
used during meditation to help alleviate stress
examples of depressants
alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), opiates
what hormones does alcohol control
stimulates GABA and dopamine
examples of stimulants
caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines
hallucinogens
lsd, MARIJUANA
psychological dependence vs physical dependence vs addiction
psychological dependence: use of drug in response to painful emotions
physical dependence: withdrawal, physical pain without drug
addiction: biologically based in dopaminergic pathway
6 universal emotions
happy, sad, surprise, fear, disgust, anger
yerkes dodson law regarding emotion
humans do best performance at mid-range of emotional arousal
james lange theory of emotion
stimulus, physiological response (heart rate), emotion
cannon-bard theory of emotion
stimulus, physiological response + emotion at same time and separately
schachter-singer theory of emotion
stimulus, physiological response, cognitive interpretation, emotion
limbic system, parts of it
responsible for emotions
amygdala, hypothalamus (controls physiological aspect), prefrontal cortex (approach and avoidance behavior)
prefrontal cortex roles, special injury it relates to
voice that calms down amygdala, controls executive functions, phineas gage injury - led to pt impulsivity, no empathy
appraisal in relation to stress
depends on how person interprets event
learned helplessness
sense of exhaustion and lack of belief in one’s ability to manage situation
B.F Skinner’s behaviorist model of language
argues learning language is like any learned behavior with positive reenfocement
Noam Chomsky’s universal grammar model of language
suggests we have innate ability to master language
Broca’s area, where it is
frontal lobe, speech production
Wernicke’s area, where it is
temporal lobe, comprehension of speech and written language
primacy affect
people are more likely to recall first information they hear, less likely to recall later information
