Social Stratification Final Exam Flashcards
In Walrus’s article, “Who Gets to be Gifted?”, there was a meeting discussing what effort?
The removal of discriminatory barriers to high school achievement
the “Director’s Response to Enhanced Equity” wanted to remove discriminatory barriers by doing what?
Phasing out non-academic streams, including applied streams
Two groups of concern in the “Who Gets to be Gifted?” article
Disadvantaged groups and those with a surplus of advantage
The overall reaction from gifted student and parents regarding the director’s response to equity was…
That a mixed classroom would reduce the learning opportunities of the gifted students and enable mediocrity
What percentage of black and white students are in the academic stream program in Toronto?
53% black and 81% white
Harry Rist is best known for:
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in education
What does Harry Rist argue?
That making pre-determined judgments on a student will impact their educational outcome
Which structural functionalist sees society as an organism of many parts put together?
Emile Durkheim
The patterns or relationships among societies that stay relatively permanent
“Structure” in structural functionalism
a need that is fulfilled within society by becoming a social task performed by a social group
“Function” in structural functionalism
Who said that a social function is a social task performed at a certain degree of adequacy in order for a social group to exist and maintain it’s membership?
Talcott Parsons
Giving special education to one group and not the other can be seen as a form of
social reprofuction
When certain social groups, such as the elite and the ordinary, know what is specifically expected of them
Social order
What tells a person about the rules and expectations of a society?
Norms
Trivial norms and conventions that are shared by members of society, such as styles of clothing, manners and dietary choices
Folkways
The important ethical rules of a group
mores
Two types of norms
- folkways
2. mores
A standard by which members of a society judge behavior and serve as a way to choose between various possible goals
values
What is the status-role bundle?
In structural functionalism, an individual is seen as a social actor that occupies a status and role
Explain the status-role bundle of a police officer
Status: Police Officer
Role: Enforce rules, protect, surveillance, to not abuse powers
Examples of Parson’s “organs” of society
Education, health care, legal systems…all areas of expertise
Structures and processes by which human beings form meaningful intentions and implement them into concrete situations
Social actions
The social action system has four parts, hierarchically arranged:
- Cultural System
- Social System
- Personality System
- Behavioral Organism
3 Criticisms of structural functionalism
- Tries to account for all social phenomenon
- Ignores important details of a society and highlights others
- Assumes that existing structures in society are ideal, good, and efficient
A system of beliefs, rituals, values and symbols
Cultural System
What system helps us define status, rights, and obligations of members?
Social systems
3 main circumstances that led to the starlight tours
- Fear and lack of trust in police
- Racism and stereotypes in police force
- Tendencies to blame the victim
3 ways the police’s authority was abused in the Starlight Tours
- Assault on innocent people
- Burning evidence
- Not being approachable and trustworthy
4 ways police can move forward from the Starlight Tours
- Mend relationship with indigenous community
- Give community justice
- Raise cultural awareness
- Dash cams
4 disadvantages groups that are supported in the Pay Equity Bill in Canada
- Women
- Visible Minorities
- Indigenous peoples
- People with disabilities
What was Dr. Voyageur’s dissertation on ?
How indigenous people were affected by the pay equity bill
What wage percentage do female aboriginals make compared to non-aboriginals?
53%
Aboriginal males in Alberta are more likely to take on what types of jobs?
trades and construction
Aboriginal females are more likely to take on what types of jobs in Alberta?
Sales and services
Krahn and Lowe described a good job to be
full time, relative autonomy and authority, a living wage
What percentage of marriages will end up in divorce?
50%
The feminization of jobs often leads to
lowering the value and income of jobs
What percentage of people in Canada live with some sort of disability?
15%
How many students are in U of C with a disability?
2000
The fasted growing population in Canada are
seniors
number of students over 45 at u of c
671
Over the past 4 years, the number of students in Canada with disabilities has…
doubled
In Harry Rist’s study, what were the names of the three groups that children were sorted into?
Eagles, Swallows and Clowns
The result of Harry Rist’s study showed
That the teacher’s interactions with students determined their academic achievement
The documentary featuring the Starlight tours was called
Two worlds colliding
What does conservativism say is a feature of established institutions?
tradition and social stability
The fastest growing crime in Canada is
Child pornography
Recently, and Ontario Catholic school principal asked what of the female students?
To stand up so that they could check the length of their skirts
As women, we are more likely to be poor in our life than men. This is also known as
the feminization of poverty
Unmarried women used to be called …… and are now called……..
Spinsters / Marriage resisters
Med Luxton is best known for the concept of
the double day/the second shift
When people go to work and then come home to do another shift of work, it is called
the second shift/the double day
Rosabeth Moss-Kanter discussed what in relation to men and women in the workplace?
That the prestige and status that women got in the workplace was linked to that of their boss
What does DARVO stand for?
Deny/Attack/Reverse/Victim/Offender
What is DARVO?
A strategy for diverting or distracting from the main inssue
What are sanctuary cities?
Cities in Canada that enforce national border law, but also want to reduce fear of deportation / family break up. Have rights and access to police, health, and educational services
Who spoke about the rotating elite?
C. Wright Mills
Inherited money and the associated culture is called
old money
New money, such as someone that wins the lottery or a champion athlete is called
nouveau riche
9 common characteristics that are a site of inequality
- Race
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Class
- Religion
- Age
- Disability
- Sexual Orientation
- Fat Shaming
Ralph Dahrendorf is best know for
Departing from structural functionalism and looking at Marx and Weber’s work
Ralph Dahrendorf is optimistic about
political and economic systems can and will work for the greatest amount of poeple
Ralph Dahrendorf says that concept of ownership is outdated because:
Corporations are not owned by one person, but stockholders
What is ‘green mail’
a hostile take over of a company - forceful
the institutionalization of class conflict suggests that
conflict is inherent in a social structure
Term for needing to meet certain criteria to be a member of an association
professionalization
3 methods for settling disputes as discussed in class
Conciliation, mediation, arbitration
2 parts of court cases
- Civil (civilian against civilian)
2. Criminal (crime against the crown)
Term for a law making it a crime to be a person wandering from place to place without visible means of support (money)
Vagrancy law
Under vagrancy law, how much money do you have to have in your pocket?
$2
The chronology of major theories
- Left (CONFLICT): Inequality based on struggle, rooted in class or economic power
- Right (CONSENSUS): Inequality based on consensus, competing using rules of conduct that have been agreed upon
In leftist theories, change happened through
revolution
2 positive effects of inequality
- Meritocracy
2. Supply and Demand
In the labor market, how much money (percentage) do women make in comparison to men?
80%
Term for the unofficial barrier that prevents advancement within a profession
the glass ceiling
Who earn the most in restaurants?
Attractive women via tips
3 tactics that women use to get better tips
- Put something in their hair
- Lightly touch customer
- Introduce self
Tactics for receiving good tips are associated with:
attractiveness and appearance
In the service industry, the low end businesses include
bars, pubs, and cafes
In the service industry, high end businesses are called
tablecloth restaurants
The gender of servers in high end restaurants are mostly
male
What did Neumark’s study show?
That in high end venues, 48% of men got hired compared to 9% of women, despite them all having the same skill level
In the article “Sexism will be served”, what case was highlighted
A lawsuit was filed by men against the restaurant chain, Hooters, for only hiring attractive females
Media tends to link missing and murdered aboriginal women with a history of
violence and drug abuse
poverty and homelessness are what type of violence?
Structural violence
Social constructionism explains reality as…
not objective, but perceived through social conditions
Term for the process of focusing on a particular aspect of an issue
framing
Who was Robert Pickton?
a pig farmer from Vancouver who murdered 49 indigenous women
In media stories about Robert Pickton’s murders, the focus was on what?
Pickton’s life and how it led up to the murders, not on the lives of those who were killed
the program assigned to solve missing and murdered indigenous women’s cases
E-PANA
3 male dominated fields at u of c
Business, Engineering and Sciences
4 female-dominated fields at u of c
Nursing, education, sociology, and arts
The learning of gender stereotypes is a part of what theory?
gender schema theory
The first and second socializers are (respectively)
Family and school
Women with STEM degrees are more likely to be
unemployed of job mismatched than properly employed
in 2016, what percentage of trades jobs were taken by women?
12%
4 barriers women face when entering the trades
- Macro level
- Organizational
- Interpersonal
- Individual
Term for the large structures in society such as cultural norms and family, that act as a barrier for women to enter the trades
Macro level barriers
Organizational barriers include
policies, norms and standards
Interpersonal barriers to trades include
attitudes and behaviors of coworkers, family and peers
Individual barriers to trades include
personal knowledge, beliefs and attitudes
In order to combat the barriers to the trades, women decide to
masculinize themselves
myth referencing how women who talk and act in the way men do are punished
the bitch myth
the invisible barrier that keeps minorities including women from getting promoted and keeping them from rising to the upper levels of the corporate ladder - regardless of their qualifications
the occupational glass ceiling
Black and caucasian individuals abuse drug laws at the same rate, but blacks are more likely to be
stopped, searched, arrested, etc.
In a study that showed white and black people and asked the officers if the people were armed or unarmed and if they would shoot or not shoot - the officers were more likely to ….
shoot the black man, and say that the black man was armed
In their presentation, one group argued that crime is a …. developed by those in power
social construct
Who is the typical crime offendor?
Mostly anyone who is not white
The Jim Crow Laws were
statutes and ordinances which were established by most americans to separate white and black races
Which laws allowed african-americans to be arrested for minor infractions without visible evidence?
vagrancy laws
In a news story describing sexual assault cases at a boys school in toronto, parents were mad at the media because:
the believed that the media were trying to make the school look bad
Gemma Hartley’s book “Fed Up” is focused on
women’s emotional labor and worrying in the household
In Hartley’s book, she argues that women’s helplessness in emotional labor at home is…
learned
What event prioritized security over privacy in relation to technology?
9/11
the 2003 famous hacking group deemed as social activists
Anonymous
What did the group, Anonymous, do?
attempted to hack the government to free the information that was not shared with the public
Who is Edward Snowden?
the whistle blower who exposed that the US is surveilling all citizens and not just protecting them
The collections of data on consumers are called
data brokers
The UN adopted the universal Declaration of Human Rights in what year?
1948
In what year did the UN general assembly adopt the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities?
2006
Post-secondary’s 4 responsibilities in regard to accommodating those with disabilities
- Respond to requests for accommodation
- Develop accommodation plans
- Review and revise those accommodations
- Inform others when denying a request and provide reasons to denial
5 reasons we should care about making u of c accessible
- Become aware
- Temporary disabilities and injury
- Aging population
- Older student and staff at u of c
- There are more students with disabilities
Which u of c student highlighted how the negative attitudes about disabled students is still prevalent in our school environment?
Gerald Finger
Gerald Finger’s 4 barriers
- Environmental barrier
- Accessible barrier
- Barrier free
- Psychological barrier
The psychological barrier in Finger’s study refers to
the impact of environmental barriers on feelings of competency and self worth
Eric Erickson discussed:
the different stages we got through in life
Erikson’s 6 stages
- Infancy
- Early childhood
- School age
- Adolescence
- Adulthood
- Old age
Erikson’s infancy stage is characterized by
dependence and trust on others to keep a child alive
the beginning of autonomy, development of rules and guilt happens in which life stage?
early childhood
School age is commonly associated with what part of development?
task identification - this is my role in society
The gradual acquisition of identity happens at which life stage?
adolescence
Which crisis happens in adulthood?
Crisis of intimacy
The old age stage is best known for the development of
integrity and wisdom
James and Prout argued what when referring to childhood?
The concept of childhood is not universal and is not timeless. It shifts across history, location, gender and class
In “Centuries of Childhood”, Phillie Aries argues that childhood is what type of concept?
a modern concept
the conceptualization of childhood coincided with modern notions of:
family, home, privacy and individuality
Before the concept of childhood, young people were…
fully integrated into society and did not receive any special protection
Term for the time around age 25 when people who have been involved in crime either decide they want to change their life or continue their lifestyle as a criminal
Maturational reform
What ratio of people in Canada are seniors?
1 in 6
3 categories of seniors
- Young
- Middle-aged
- Older
a discriminatory employment pattern that keeps a certain group of people at the bottom of the job scale
The sticky floor
a career path that allows a mother flexible or reduced work hours but tends to slow or block advancement
mommy track
the circulating elite is
a system that ensures increased opportunity for particular people
How may it affect a heterosexual family and/or household differently if a father were to take parental leave rather than the mother?
men would be praised if left, but for women, it would be seen as her duty to leave work
7 traditional values/ grandfather teachings in indigenous culture
- Wisdom
- Respect
- Bravery
- Honesty
- Truth
- Love
- Humility
What is the FNMI DR: Triangle?
Senior/Employable/Children and Youth
Most First Nations are governed by …
An elected chief and council
The pre-confederation treaties were based on
peace and friendship - allies
The post-confederation treaties promised
sharing land with indians, that the government would pay for teachers and that they wouldn’t have to pay taxes
In the Indian Act, the Metis, Inuit and FN do not have to pay taxes if:
they live on reserve or live off reserve but work for a company that’s head office is on a reserve
the land in Manitoba that was spoken of in treaty 1 as land that is good for crops
fertile belt
Between which years was there one treaty per year?
1871-1877
the last of the numbered treaties made between the gov of canada and the plains first nations
treaty 7
Treaty 7 was signed in what year?
1877
The 5 first nations that are a part of treaty 7
- Siksika
- Piikani
- Tsuut’ina
- Kainai
- Stoney
the catalyst for the signing of treaty 8 was
the gold rush
When first nations signed the treaty, they received what 6 items from the crown? What did this make?
- Lard
- Sugar
- Flour
- Salt and pepper
- Baking Powder
- Tea
Makes tea and bannock
The post-federation treaties run along the
fertile belt
What three additional groups are under Stoney in treaty 7?
- Wesley
- Bearspaw
- Chiniki
7 promises from the treaty
- Land
- Payment
- Teach Salaries
- Ammunition
- Tools
- Cattle
- Farm Implements
the most important promise form the treaty was ….
Land: 6.42 square km per family of 5
The payments outlined in the promises in treaties were of what value?
Immediate payment of $12 and annual payments of $5
What happened to the treaty promises after 1885?
After the 2nd Riel resistance, FN were not allowed to have guns or be given guns
How many cattle was a family of 5 supposed to have?
2
Which Albertan nation did not sign the treaty until recently?
Lubicon Cree
The 2 bands that the Lubicon Cree was sectioned off into
- Woodland Cree (woodies)
2. Loon River Cree (loonies)
Which nation did not get their land for 100 years and 3 months?
Threbati Dene
What are specific claims?
Claims made against the government for not keeping promises
When was the Indian Act amalgamated?
1876
The Indian Act had cradle to grave legislation with 3 primary purposes:
- Civilize the indian
- Administer Indian people, their land, and resources
- Define what is and is not an indian
What kind of bias was in the indian act?
patriarchal
Bill C-31 outlined what in regard to the indian act?
How to lose indian status
4 ways to lose indian status from Bill C-31
- Join the army
- Get a university degree
- Join the clergy
- FN woman who married a nonFN man
Under the indian act, FNs could not vote until what year?
1960
The Indian Act restricted which activities?
hunting, fishing, trapping, gathering
What was the pass system?
an indian act policy where one could not leave a reserve without a pass from an indian agent
Religious activities under the indian act were
formally banned but done in secret
Who started the stampede parade?
Guy Reddick
5 of the many restrictions under the indian act
- Could not enter dance halls
- Could not participate in parades
- Could not sell their crops
- Could not raise own children
In what year were FN allowed to possess alcohol
1970
What was the 60s scoop?
a practice of taking, or “scooping up”, Indigenous children from their families and communities for placement in foster homes or adoption
The most famous marks man in war was an indgienous man from
Alberta
Pope Paul III and the “Transcendent God” stated that….
Indian savages were humans who could be initiated into Christian religion
Who said, ““On reserves the child lives with its parents, he is surrounded by savages… if you want to civilize children we need to start with taking them away from parents”
John A. MacDonald
The idea of going into an institution as one person and coming out as someone else was coined as ….. by who?
Total Institution - Erving Goffman
Time frame of Canadian Indian Residential Schools
1870s-1996
The last residential school to close was named what and when?
1996 “Gordon’s First Nation” - Lebret, Saskatchewan
What were the chances like of dying in a residential school?
More likely to die in a residential school than in the war
How many children died in the residential schools?
over 3500
Residential school life was split into two types of education:
Industrial school of half teaching and hald apprenticeship
4 types of culture in sociology
- Material culture (objects)
- Normative culture (rules)
- Cognitive culture (shared beliefs)
- Language
The individual impact of cultural genocide on the indigenous communities was
a lost sense of belonging
What year was the Truth and Reconcilation Commission?
2009
The three commissioners in the Truth and Reconcilation Commission
Justice Murray Sinclair (chair), Marie Wilson and Wilton Littlechild
the Truth and Reconcilation Commission was held to
address historical wrongs, especially the residential school system
the 2 part process of the Truth and Reconcilation Commission
- Witness and collect stories of survivors
2. 94 calls to action
The goal of the Truth and Reconcilation Commission was:
Establish new relationships embedded in mutual recognition and respect that will forge a brighter future
Truth and Reconcilation Commission was born out of what other organization?
The Aboriginal Healing Foundation
When was the official apology to FN?
2009
The first residential school survivor who spoke out about the horrors of residential schools and initiated settlements
Phil Fontaine
2 types of settlements for first nations’ who experienced residential schools
- Common experience settlement
2. Independent/Individual assessment settlement
What was the value of the common experience settlement?
$10,000 + $3000 for every year attended in a residential school
TRC calls to action for post-secondary institutions
- Close education gaps
- Give degrees in indigenous languages
- Curriculum on indigenous history, rights, treaties, etc.
- Include indigenous knowledge and pedagogy
- Teacher training
- National research program
