Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2018 > Online Rhetoric > Flashcards

Online Rhetoric Flashcards

1
Q

Name for the most elemental bundles of the web. Some scholars describe them as worm holes

A

Hyperlinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who is most associated with hyperlinks?

A

Burbles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A myopic understanding of the hyperlink is that is is a:

A

Electron library and retrieval system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

6 advantages of hyperlinks

A
  1. Establishes AUTHORITY
  2. Creates INTERACTIVITY
  3. Creates a SUBVERSIVE MESSAGE
  4. Helps readers see the BIG PICTURE OF AN ISSUE
  5. EDUCATES readers about the issue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Good hyperlinks are:

A
  1. Blue and underlined
  2. Graphically Represented
  3. Use eye scan behavior to highlight link
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Good links start with:

A

Key words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Aristotle saw rhetoric as:

A

discovering all means of persuasion in any context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bitzer saw rhetoric as

A

a way of altering reality through discourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Eagleton saw rhetoric as

A

seeing speaking and writing not as textual objects, but to be endlessly deconstructured due to varying social relations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 components of the rhetorical act:

A
  1. Intentional
  2. Polished
  3. Practiced
  4. Strategic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do rhetorical acts assume and what do they focus on?

A

Audience’s challenges and how to overcome them to achieve a certain end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

According to Bitzer, a response to a situation is coined as a

A

rhetorical situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In relation to a rhetorical situation, a rhetorical act is

A

to take action in response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of a rhetorical act

A

making a speech, writing a letter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Creating a link is an example of…

A

a rhetorical act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Purpose of Burbles article

A

to understand rhetorical possibilities of the web by seeing hyperlinks as means of movement and meaning-making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Burbles ask of us?

A

to be critical and reflective of hyperlink experiences by asking how and why they are there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Burble’s two dimensions of hyperlinks are

A

semantic and navigational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hyperlinks can be considered pathways or road signs because they encourage

A

particular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does Burbles suggest makes the web distinct?

A

the inseparability of hyperlinks’s semantic and navigational elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In terms of navigation, how do hyperlinks affect our movement?

A

They shape and constrain movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

5 ways hyperlinks shape and constrain our movement

A
  1. They are bi-directional
  2. They are one-to-one links
  3. They are static
  4. They are author driven
  5. They can be described in different ways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Saying hyperlinks are bi directional means

A

Implied meanings from going from A to B are different than the meaning going from B to A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hyperlinks are considered static because

A

the same link will always take the user to the same URL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

3 factors affecting choice on the web

A
  1. Pragmatics of limited time and resources
  2. Inexperience
  3. Minimizing inconvenience and complexity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

According to Burbles when discussing place and space, space might include movement, but it lacks…

A

the subjective quality of place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ways we create our space on the web

A

homepages for browser, bookmarking sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Reasons we limit our web places

A

to not be affected by bullying, tension or conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Using filters and intentional choices about where to link creates …….., otherwise recognized as echo chambers

A

safe places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Two ways Burbles says web spaces become web places

A

Maps and architectures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A mapped space takes on the character of a place for who?

A

Those who understand and can use the map

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

3 different kinds of maps

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Patterns of Use
  3. Relations of centrality or periphery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

5 ways of building space to become a place via architecture

A
  1. Movement/stasis
  2. Interaction/isolation
  3. Publicity/privacy
  4. Visibility/hiddenness
  5. Enclosure/exclusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who wrote “Humanistic Rationale for Technical Writing”?

A

Miller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Major question in Miller’s article

A

Does technical writing have humanistic value?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does Miller argue?

A

That rhetoric, which is thought of as emotional, has no place in technical writing, which is logical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Explain technical communication as a windowpane theory of language

A

Language provides a clear view of the world where is language is clearm we see reality accurately, but if highly decorated, we struggle to see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The idea of technical writing as just a skill is rooted in the tradition of:

A

Positivism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What kind of view of reality does a windowpane of language give?

A

a positivist view, creating a mechanistic and materialistic view of reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Aristotle’s artistic proofs

A

ethos and pathos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Aristotle’s inartistic proofs

A

logos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

3 problems with window pane of language world view

A
  1. Must accept science
  2. If we don’t believe something then something is wrong with us
  3. Creates a mystique of science and tech
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

4 Pedagogical issues with windowpane of language

A
  1. Unsystematic definitions of technical writing
  2. Emphasis on style and organization
  3. Insistence on particular tone
  4. Analyzes audiences as levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What did Kuhn challenge?

A

The myth of positivism, or ‘normal science’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Kuhn says normal science is dedicated to what three things?

A
  1. Objectivity
  2. Experimentation
  3. Resistance to pointless innovation
46
Q

Kuhn believes that scientific progress results from…

A

Crisis or paradigm shifts

47
Q

Miller wants us to see technical writing as not a positivist endeavor, but more from what kind of perspective?

A

Consensualist

48
Q

Science understood as argument or consensualist asks for…

A

an act of will on the part of the audience

49
Q

A consensualist view on tech writing is more

A

persuasive

50
Q

Miller’s new rhetoric is to participate in…

A

a community

51
Q

To write well, according to Miller, is to understand what?

A

the conditions of communication such as values, traditions and style

52
Q

How is digital rhetoric different?

A

Writing is no longer tect driven, but relied on words, motion, interactivity and visuals to make meaning

53
Q

Digital writing requires a deep attention to:

A

context, audience, and meaning making across the multiple tools and media available to us

54
Q

3 divisions of rhetoric according to aristotle

A
  1. Epideictic
  2. Forensic
  3. Deliberative
55
Q

who is deliberative rhetoric directed to?

A

those who must decide on a course of action

56
Q

deliberative rhetoric is concerned with…

A

what will turn out to be useful form an action, such as to achieve a specific end

57
Q

Another way of seeing deliberative rhetoric is as a

A

performance

58
Q

2 aims deliberative rhetoric should be concerned with

A

what we should avoid or what we should take action on

59
Q

When we try to persuafe people to chose an action, we want them to see which two elements?

A

What is worthy or good and what is the most expedient and useful

60
Q

Whether one should give more weight to worth or usefulness depends on…

A

the subject and the audience

61
Q

The practice of arriving at a conclusion by the exchange of logical arguments

A

dialectic

62
Q

The counterpart to dialectic

A

rhetoric

63
Q

closed logical form of debate

A

dialectic

64
Q

What fills in the gaps between closed logic with style, language, and artistic appeals?

A

Rhetoric

65
Q

What represents a closed fist?

A

Dialectic

66
Q

What represents an open hand?

A

Rhetoric

67
Q

Richard Weaver believes that the limitations of dialectic can be overcome with adding

A

rhetoric

68
Q

Ernesto Grassi said that we come to know the world through ingenium, which is:

A

the basic process by which humans gain control over nature

69
Q

Grassi identifies rhetoric with

A

the power of language and human speech to generate a base for human thought

70
Q

The face-to-face back and forth oral engagement that takes place in real time is called

A

public argument

71
Q

Who coined the phrase, the public sphere?

A

Habermas

72
Q

Barber says that written discourse is the preparation for

A

the real work of democracy

73
Q

2 Benefits of public oral debate

A
  1. It is immediate and intimate

2. There is dialectic/back and forthness

74
Q

Which authors are most linked to deliberative and digital rhetoric?

A

Jackson and Wallin

75
Q

Jackson and Wallin say writing happens where and when?

A

In a community, where readers and writers bring their own backgrounds, values and assumptions to the process

76
Q

Argument can be considered a product because it can be

A

crafted and consumed

77
Q

Because dialectic is a procedural argumentation, it can increase…

A

answerability and engagement in an issue

78
Q

Type of dialectic that can be progressive

A

informal

79
Q

4 challenges of the web in digital dialectical rhetoric

A
  1. Accessibility
  2. Echo chambers
  3. Incivility via anonymity
  4. Algorithms and fake news
80
Q

2 benefits of the web to engage in discourse

A
  1. Private citizens can influence public discourse

2. Those who feel disempowered can have a voice

81
Q

3 components of classical ethos

A
  1. Phronesis
  2. Arete
  3. Eunoia
82
Q

What is phronesis?

A

useful skills and wisdom

83
Q

What is arete?

A

virtue and goodwill

84
Q

What is eunoia?

A

goodwill toward the audience

85
Q

To establish digital credibility, Warnick suggests that we have to

A

move away from formal credibility to credibility established by user experience

86
Q

3 ways to establish credibility via user experience

A

Navigation, design, content

87
Q

Warnick starts off her article with the example of

A

the athenian trial

88
Q

The athenian trial is an example of

A

using only words as rhetoric and no evidence

89
Q

Warnick says classical ethos is a portrayal of

A

one’s moral character and the extent to which it aligns with societal values and audience

90
Q

4 Traditional modes of credibility that do not work well on the web

A
  1. Identity of the author
  2. Credentials of the author
  3. the site sponsor
  4. author affiliation
91
Q

can the web be considered work or text?

A

text

92
Q

semiotic theorist mentioned by Warnick

A

Barthes

93
Q

What did the Princeton Study from Warnick’s article show?

A

Users see credbility of writing based on trusting info on site and easy navigation, but ownership was least important

94
Q

the Fogg et al study showed

A

users made decisions about credibility based on superficial elements such as website design

95
Q

what is the amelioration effect?

A

the power of making something better through visual design

96
Q

What does Fogg’s study echo?

A

Barthes idea of consumers making meaning

97
Q

Who said that credibility is perceived quality?

A

Fogg et al

98
Q

The Sweetland study revealed…

A

academic librarians’ assessment of website credibility ranked bibliographic information as number one, but saw navigation and usability as also very important

99
Q

3 reasons anonymity was first promoted

A
  1. Avoiding responsibility
  2. Improving quality and diversifying voices
  3. Espousing democratic ideas
100
Q

Journalist view on anonymity

A

unethical

101
Q

Readers suggest that online comments are ethically…

A

neutral

102
Q

The dominant message in the mass media and academy is that anonymity curbs…and promotes….

A

social inhibitions, promotes insensitive or inflammatory rhetoric

103
Q

3 current benefits of anonymity

A
  1. Broader participation
  2. Counteracting fear of social isolation by expressing minorities opinion
  3. Can result in collective action
104
Q

Anonymity is poly-semic, meaning

A

it has multiple meanings

105
Q

Example of anonymity being poly-semic

A

a person’s online self can reflect offline self, but without identifying information

106
Q

Theory that suggests that hegemony is not simply a top-down influence, but a product of deliberation among different influential hegemons

A

concordance theory

107
Q

Readers’ study focused on

A

the negative aspects of anonymity, arguing that audience feedback should not be anonymous and that otherwise is unethical and against civil society

108
Q

3 themes in Reader’s study against anonymity

A
  1. Anonymity as filth
  2. Dehumanizing the trolls
  3. Protecting the ‘villiage sqaure’
109
Q

In Readers’ study, how many people were against banning anonymity in forums?

A

71%

110
Q

3 themes in Reader’s study promoting anonymity

A
  1. Power to the people
  2. Paranoid about privacy
  3. Anonymity as freedom

Fall 2018 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions