Modernity Flashcards
3 featured theorists for observing the world: science and spirituality
Galileo
Descartes
Pascal
During Galileo’s inquisition, he was being found guilty of
Copernicanism - arguing for a solar-centered system
In the reading about Galileo, his assertions for copernicanism is considered “heresy” because
his claim goes against holy scripture
Who argued that everything needs to be broken down into it’s smallest form to be understood?
Descartes
What famous saying came from Descartes?
“I think, therefore I am”
What was the object of study for Descartes?
the self
What two sources of truth does Pascal challenge from Descartes?
Reason and the senses
Why does Pascal say that the senses are unreliable?
because suffering can make false impressions on the senses, affecting reasoning
Why did Pascal want to choose religion over science?
Religion is more practical and leads to a more happy, fulfilled life
5 main theorists for the enlightenment
Locke Rousseau Paine de Chatalet Condorcet
Locke argued that rights and liberties are:
natural
Role of the government according to Locke:
To serve people’s natural rights
According to Locke, evil action from citizens are caused by
faulty institutions
Locke argued that laws should be the same for all classes, which was eventually implemented to government officials as
Rule of Law
Between individual rights and collective interest, Rousseau chose
collective interest
According to Rousseau, losing natural liberty is necessary to gain
civil liberty
What forms social ties according to Rousseau?
The common good
Rousseau argues that the general will is always…
good
Who was against hereditary government as there is no guarantee of a good leader?
Paine
Who said “my own mind is my own church”?
paine
Who advocated for women’s education through arguing against limiting human potential?
du Chatalet
Who was the optimist who believed superstition and intolerance would disappear over time?
Condorcet
Who believed the people would always aim to be better?
Condorcet
Top 5 theorists for the political revolytions of France and America
Young de Tocqueville Robespierre Napoleon de Stael
Who offered a critique of Napoelon?
de Stael
de Stael’s main argument
That though Napoleon advocated for changing the government, he was also taking too much power for himself and not enough given for liberating people
Napoleon would cite military history in order to
motivate his soldiers
Napoleon’s rhetoric was largely based in which appeal?
pathos
Who believed in peace through terror?
Robespierre
Robespierre believed that in order for there to be change, it would happen in what manner?
quickly and violently
Who explored that causes of the French Revolution?
de Tocqueville
de Tocqueville argued that the french revolution was “inevitable yet completely unforeseen” because…
The segregation and isolation of French interest groups lead to unintegrated institutions and therefore a lack of social harmony (communication)
Who highlighted the unjust tax system in France that led up to the revolution?
Young
Who does Young blame for the suffering of lower classes in France?
Negligence of aristocratic and governmental institutions which do not properly serve the third estate
What is the “third estate”
the common people of france
3 main theorists for the implementation of the industrial revolution
Baines
Smith
Malthus
Who speaks about the transformation of Britains industries and the benefits of the factory system?
Baines
Leader in laissez-faire economics
Smith
2 theorists who were major advocates for division of labor
smith and baines
3 ways quantity of work is increased according to Smith
- Increase in hands-on work
- Saving of time and money
- Machines facilitate labor
The idea the self-interest reflect general interest and therefore the market is called
laissez faire economics
Who spoke about the increase of population leading to poverty?
Malthus
Who spoke about the reality of the industrial revolution
Kay
Engels
Owen
The main focus in the reality of the industrial revolution is
the experience of the workers
