Modernity Flashcards
3 featured theorists for observing the world: science and spirituality
Galileo
Descartes
Pascal
During Galileo’s inquisition, he was being found guilty of
Copernicanism - arguing for a solar-centered system
In the reading about Galileo, his assertions for copernicanism is considered “heresy” because
his claim goes against holy scripture
Who argued that everything needs to be broken down into it’s smallest form to be understood?
Descartes
What famous saying came from Descartes?
“I think, therefore I am”
What was the object of study for Descartes?
the self
What two sources of truth does Pascal challenge from Descartes?
Reason and the senses
Why does Pascal say that the senses are unreliable?
because suffering can make false impressions on the senses, affecting reasoning
Why did Pascal want to choose religion over science?
Religion is more practical and leads to a more happy, fulfilled life
5 main theorists for the enlightenment
Locke Rousseau Paine de Chatalet Condorcet
Locke argued that rights and liberties are:
natural
Role of the government according to Locke:
To serve people’s natural rights
According to Locke, evil action from citizens are caused by
faulty institutions
Locke argued that laws should be the same for all classes, which was eventually implemented to government officials as
Rule of Law
Between individual rights and collective interest, Rousseau chose
collective interest
According to Rousseau, losing natural liberty is necessary to gain
civil liberty
What forms social ties according to Rousseau?
The common good
Rousseau argues that the general will is always…
good
Who was against hereditary government as there is no guarantee of a good leader?
Paine
Who said “my own mind is my own church”?
paine
Who advocated for women’s education through arguing against limiting human potential?
du Chatalet
Who was the optimist who believed superstition and intolerance would disappear over time?
Condorcet
Who believed the people would always aim to be better?
Condorcet
Top 5 theorists for the political revolytions of France and America
Young de Tocqueville Robespierre Napoleon de Stael
Who offered a critique of Napoelon?
de Stael
de Stael’s main argument
That though Napoleon advocated for changing the government, he was also taking too much power for himself and not enough given for liberating people
Napoleon would cite military history in order to
motivate his soldiers
Napoleon’s rhetoric was largely based in which appeal?
pathos
Who believed in peace through terror?
Robespierre
Robespierre believed that in order for there to be change, it would happen in what manner?
quickly and violently
Who explored that causes of the French Revolution?
de Tocqueville
de Tocqueville argued that the french revolution was “inevitable yet completely unforeseen” because…
The segregation and isolation of French interest groups lead to unintegrated institutions and therefore a lack of social harmony (communication)
Who highlighted the unjust tax system in France that led up to the revolution?
Young
Who does Young blame for the suffering of lower classes in France?
Negligence of aristocratic and governmental institutions which do not properly serve the third estate
What is the “third estate”
the common people of france
3 main theorists for the implementation of the industrial revolution
Baines
Smith
Malthus
Who speaks about the transformation of Britains industries and the benefits of the factory system?
Baines
Leader in laissez-faire economics
Smith
2 theorists who were major advocates for division of labor
smith and baines
3 ways quantity of work is increased according to Smith
- Increase in hands-on work
- Saving of time and money
- Machines facilitate labor
The idea the self-interest reflect general interest and therefore the market is called
laissez faire economics
Who spoke about the increase of population leading to poverty?
Malthus
Who spoke about the reality of the industrial revolution
Kay
Engels
Owen
The main focus in the reality of the industrial revolution is
the experience of the workers
The physician who spoke on the effects of industrialization on health
Kay
Kay argued that work was over-consuming because
it took away from enjoying life
Kay argued that the moral degradation of community was due to
the growing absence of religion
Engels argued that industrialization made people selfish by…
alienating the community from each other
Engels labeled the upper and lower classes as
the egoists and the distresed
Engels challenged industrialization and progress by highlighting
how industrialization affects the rest of life
Who wanted to improve workers’ lives while maintaining profit?
Owen
Who wanted to bring child’s socialization away from the family to be more institutionalized?
Owen
Who was a conservative but not against progress?
Burke
Why was Burke against revolution?
Worried about instability and potential war of having inexperienced people running the public
Which theorists were a a part of the romanticism era?
Burke
Mill
Tristan
de Tocqueville
Who argued that we should have tolerance for opposing ideas and for the marketplace of ideas?
Mill
Mill argues that governments should only interfere with individual liberty if…
it is out of protecting liberty itself
Who asserted that all opinions are valid and of value?
Mill
Who urged workers to unite to strengthen their cause?
Tristan
Who was determined to get workingmen to accept working women as equals?
Tristan
Who did Tristan assert that women should be treated equally?
Argued that women can make or break a family and thus deserve to be politically represented and cared for
Who was the leading statesman and political theorists who warned officials about the eruption of another labor class revolution?
de Tocqueville
3 Theorists on Realism and Reality
Dickens
Marx & Engels
Darwim
Who was largely known for making realism his consistent genre of literature?
Dickens
Who said “the ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class”
Marx & Engels
Who argued that development of class goes hand in hand with establishment of corresponding ideologies
Marx and Engels
4 Theorists for the Politics of Hate
Wright
Chamberlain
Fritsch
Kishinev Pogrom
Who was concerned about the decrease in military prestige that would come with women’s vote?
Wright
Who spoke about race as a means to create collective solidarity
Chamberlain
Who wrote about rules to follow regarding jews
Fritch
Scrope wrote for consciousness to lower class life during which historical event?
the potato famine
During the potato famine, peasants were
evicted from rental property and more likely to die on the streets
5 theorists on the discovery of compassion
Scrope Mayhew Pankhurst Mill Herzl
The experience of wanting to go to prison instead of being on the streets was from which reading?
Mayhew on the life of a prostitute
Mayhew’s aims
to give rich more knowledge of the suffering of the poor
Who argued for a separate nation state for jews?
Herzl
Copernicanism + Heresy
Galileo
Self-knowledge
Descartes
Practicality > Theology
Pascal
Natural Rights and Liberties
Locke
Civil Liberty
Rousseau
No hereditory gov’t
Paine
Women’s education
du Chatalet
Optimism and tolerance
Condorcet
Inadequate gov’t
Young
Causes of French Revolution
de Tocqueville
Peace through violence
Robespierre
Pathos + Military History
Napoleon
Critique of Napoleon
de Staele
Factory transforamtion
Baines
Division of Labor
Smith
Population
Malthus
Physician
Kay
Alienation
Engels
Profitable Help
Owen
Conservative Progress
Burke
Valuable opinions
Mill
Worker’s union
Tristan
Second uprising
de Tocqueville
Realistic genre
Dickens
Communist Manifesto
Marx +Engels
Natural Selection
Darwin
Misogynistic Prick
Wright
Advocating Racism
Chamberlain
Dehumanizing Jews
Fritsch
Mob attacks, 49 dead
Kishinev Pogrom
Life in the poor
Scrope
Prostitute and prison
Mayhew
Justifying violence
Pankhurst
Women as capable
Mill
Palestine
Herzl
