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Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Kenneth Clark and Mamie Clark

A

Performed study on doll preferences in African-American children. Results were used in the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court Case

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2
Q

Daryl Bem

A

Developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory

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3
Q

William McGuire

A

Studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist temptation - resistance to persuasion

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4
Q

Leon Festinger

A
  1. Developed cognitive dissonance theory.

2. Developed social comparison theory.

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5
Q

Fritz Heider

A
  1. Developed balance theory

2. Developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories (1) dispositional, (2) situational

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6
Q

Carl Hovland

A

Studied attitude change

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7
Q

Richard Petty and John Cacioppo

A

Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)

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8
Q

Elliot Aronson and Darwyn Linder

A

Proposed gain-loss perspective (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)

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9
Q

Solomon Asch

A

Studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines

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10
Q

John Darley and Bibb Latané

A

Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping

  1. Social influence
  2. Diffusion of responsibility
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11
Q

Alice Eagly

A

Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to sex, but to differing social roles

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12
Q

Edward Hall

A

Studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions

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13
Q

Irving Janis

A

Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision-making can sometimes go awry

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14
Q

Melvin J. Lerner

A

Proposed concept of belief in a just world

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15
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

Divided leadership into three categories:

  1. autocratic
  2. democratic
  3. laissez-faire
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16
Q

Stanley Milgram

A
  1. Studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshocks
  2. Proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers
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17
Q

Theodore Newcomb

A

Studied college students’ political affiliations and found that students at college became more liberal to align with group norms

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18
Q

Stanley Schachter

A

Studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation

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19
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A
  1. Used autokinetic effect to study conformity

2. Performed Robber’s Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased group cooperation

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20
Q

Robert Zajonc

A
  1. Studied the mere exposure effect
  2. Resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of non-dominant responses
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21
Q

Phillip Zimbardo

A

Performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results

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22
Q

Norman Triplett

A

First study of social psychology (18th c.) - studied the effect of competition on performance

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23
Q

First textbooks in social psychology

A

William McDougall and E. H. Ross in 1908

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24
Q

Bindle, 1979

A

Role Theory: People are aware of the social roles they are supposed to fill and try to fulfill those roles

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25
Q

Consistency Theories

A

Theories about how attitudes change involving the idea that people prefer consistency between their attitudes, preferences, and behaviors. People will try to resolve these inconsistencies. Theories include:

  1. Fritz Heider’s Balance Theory
  2. Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory
  3. Daryl Bem’s Self-Perception Theory
  4. Carl Hovland’s model
  5. Petty & Cacioppo’s Elaboration Likelihood Model
  6. Resistance to Persuasion
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26
Q

Balance Theory

A

Fritz Heider

Includes three elements:

  1. Person whom we are talking about
  2. Some other person
  3. Another thing/idea/person

The goal is to have balance among the three above elements. Imbalance occurs when you agree with someone you don’t like, or disagree with someone you do like

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27
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

Leon Festinger

When attitudes are not congruent with behaviors, it causes psychological distress. Dissonance is reduced by:

  1. Chancing dissonant elements
  2. Adding consonant elements
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28
Q

Types of dissonant situations

A
  1. Free Choice (choosing between several desirable options. Creates post-decisional dissonance)
  2. Forced-Compliance Dissonance (made to behave in a way that is not consistent with attitudes - i.e. chores/punishment)
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29
Q

Post-Decisional Dissonance

A

Happens after free-choice dissonant situations. It is a form of regret or worry that we did not make the right choice. Related to:

  1. Desirability of chosen and unchosen options
  2. The importance of the decision

We will try to relieve this dissonance by highlighting flaws of unchosen decision and benefits of chosen option (spreading of alternatives)

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30
Q

Spreading of Alternatives

A

Following a decision, people evaluate the chosen alternative more positively and the rejected option more negatively than they did before the decision

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31
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith, 1859

A

Peg task study. External justification reduces cognitive dissonance (i.e. money in the study)

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32
Q

Minimal Justification Effect

A

AKA Insufficient Justification Effect

When an individual uses internal internal justification to justify a behavior when there is little external justification (i.e. change in attitude regarding task when paid $1 as opposed to $20)

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33
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A

Daryl Bem

Used to explain Forced-Compliance Dissonance - when attitudes are weak/ambiguous, you will infer your attitudes based on your behavior (i.e. I am watching this movie, therefore I must like it)

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34
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory vs. Self-Perception Theory

A

Cognitive dissonance involves a state of discomfort resulting for incongruent behavior and attitudes, whereas self-perception theory does not. Rather, it says that the initial attitude is irrelevant.

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35
Q

Over-Justification Effect

A

When you reward someone too much for doing something they like, they might stop liking it. Phenomenon is related to external justification reducing required internal justification.

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36
Q

Carl Hovland’s Model

A

Attitudes change as a process of communicating a message with the intent to persuade someone. It involves:

  1. The communicator
  2. The communication (the argument)
  3. The situation (surroundings)
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37
Q

Hovland and Weiss, 1952

A

Newspaper study found that high credibility sources are more persuasive than low credibility sources

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38
Q

Sleeper Effect

A

Persuasive effect of high credibility source decreases over time while the effect of low credibility source increased over time

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39
Q

Two Sided Arguments

A

Arguments that present information for and against a position are more effective and more often used in persuasion because they are more balanced

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40
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

A

Petty and Cacioppo

Two routes to persuasion:

  1. Central route - when you care about the issue and the strength of the argument matters.
  2. Peripheral route - when you care less about the issue and how, by whom, and the surroundings of the argument matters more than argument strength. Often, the communicator will try to pair positivity with the argument (i.e. using a celebrity spokesperson)
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41
Q

Analogy of Inoculation

A

People can be “inoculated against” attacks to cultural truisms by first presenting a weaker attach and then refuting it. Makes the person practice defending them. Cultural truisms are especially vulnerable to arguments because they are often just accepted as true without having to think about them.

42
Q

Refuted Counter Arguments

A

First presenting arguments against cultural truisms and the refuting those arguments motivates people to defend their beliefs.

43
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Holding beliefs despite evidence that they are untrue

44
Q

Reactance

A

People will behave to reassert their freedom when social pressures to behave a certain way becomes too strong

45
Q

Proxemics

A

Edward Hall

Cultural norms that govern how far away we stand from people we are interacting with

46
Q

Zajonc’s Theory

A

The presence of others increases arousal which therefore enhances emission of our dominant responses

47
Q

Social Loafing

A

Tendency to put forth less effort when a part of a group as opposed to when working individually

48
Q

Anonymity

A

Zimbardo’s prison study

People are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous

49
Q

Deindividuation

A

Zimbardo’s prison study

Loss of self-awareness and personal identity

50
Q

Groupthink

A

Irving Janis

Tendency for decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information

51
Q

Risky Shift

A

Groups decisions are riskier than average decision-making (sometimes)

52
Q

Value Hypothesis

A

Risky shift occurs when riskiness is socially valued

53
Q

Group Polarization

A

James Stoner (risky pregnancy study found that results contrary to risky shift hypothesis)

Group decisions are more extreme than individual decisions - sometimes riskier and sometimes more cautious depending on the initial tendencies of the group

54
Q

Leadership

A

Leaders engage in more communication than non-leaders.

Can manipulate perception of leadership by making someone speak more.

55
Q

Kurt Lewin’s Study

A

Three styles of leadership:

  1. Autocratic (more hostile, more aggressive, more dependent on leader, most work done)
  2. Democratic (most satisfying, more cohesive, most work motivation and interest)
  3. Laissez-faire (less organized, less efficient, less satisfying)
56
Q

Cooperation

A

People working together for mutual benefit to achieve a goal

57
Q

Competition

A

Person acting for his/her own benefit to obtain a goal with limited availability

58
Q

Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

Two prisoners can either cooperate or compete to receive varying sentences based on decision

59
Q

Robber’s Cave Experiment

A

Muzafer Sherif

Study with two groups of boys at camp. Found that superordinate goals are best obtained through intergroup cooperation

60
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

Leon Festinger

We affiliate because we evaluate ourselves in relation to others. Includes three principles:

  1. We prefer to evaluate ourselves by objective or nonsocial means, but when this is not possible, we will evaluate our opinions/beliefs by comparison to others
  2. The less the similarity of opinions and abilities between two people, the less the tendency to make comparisons
  3. When there’s a discrepancy, we tend to change opinions to move them in line with the group
61
Q

Reciprocity Hypothesis

A

We tend to like people who indicate that they like us, and vise vera

62
Q

Gain-Loss Principle

A

Aronson and Linder developed a twist to the reciprocity hypothesis - that an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant (i.e. we might like someone more if they recently started liking us as compared to someone who has always liked us)

63
Q

Social Exchange Theory/Equity Theory

A

Assumes that a person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting. A person also considers the costs and rewards for the other person. We want their ratio to be equal/similar to ours

64
Q

Need Complimentary

A

The idea that opposites attract. This is sometimes true, but sometimes similarity is a better predictor of affiliation.

65
Q

Attractiveness Stereotype

A

Likelihood to attribute positive qualities to attractive people. Physical attraction predicts affiliation.

66
Q

Spatial Proximity

A

Being closer in space to someone predicts affiliation (i.e. living in the same apartment building)

67
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

Robert Zajonc

Familiarity predicts affiliation

68
Q

Altrusim

A

Helping others even if the cost to one’s self outweighs the benefits. This is a type of helping behavior

69
Q

Bystander Intervention

A

Latané and Darley, inspired by Kitty Genovese incident

Two factors influence whether bystanders will help:

  1. Social influence (smoke in the room study)
  2. Diffusion of responsibility (seizure study)
70
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

Has to do with the social influence component of bystander intervention - behavior of others can lead people to a definition of an event as nonemergency

71
Q

Empathy

A

The ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another. Influences helping behavior

72
Q

Batson’s Empathy-Altrusim Model

A

People can feel distress or empathy when faced with a helping situation (experiment involving taking the place of someone else when being shocked)

73
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

A

When people are frustrated, they act aggressively

74
Q

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A

Bobo Doll Experiment

People learn aggression through:

  1. Modeling (direct observation)
  2. Reinforcement

Also believed that aggressive is selectively reinforced (i.e. through material benefit, social approval, and attention)

75
Q

Muzafer Sherif’s Conformity Study

A

Used the autokinetic effect to study conformity: people changed their estimations of light movement to conform with the group

76
Q

Solomon Asch’s Conformity Study

A

Used the line length estimation study: found that people yield to group pressures even when there is no direct demand to do so

77
Q

Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Experiment

A

Participants obeyed the experimented in shocking the “learner” when told to do so.

Participants showed signs of distress.

78
Q

Foot-in-the-Door Effect

A

Compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a later larger request

79
Q

Door-in-the-Face Effect

A

People who refuse large requests are more likely to agree to a later smaller request

80
Q

Self-Perception

A

How social lives influence our perceptions of ourselves include:

  1. Other people’s views
  2. Our social roles
  3. Group membership
81
Q

Doll Preference Study

A

Clark and Clark

Asked Black and White children questions about Black and White dolls. At the time, all children showed preference for white dolls.

82
Q

Dimensions of Personal Identity

A

Features of identity are organized in a hierarchy of salience, which can vary depending on the situation. The more salient the feature of identity, the more we conform the role expectations of that identity

83
Q

Primacy Effect

A

When first impressions are more important than consequent interactions in forming opinions

84
Q

Recency Effect

A

When the most recent information is more important than prior information in forming an opinion

85
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Fritz Heider

We attribute the causes of behavior two one of two main categories:

  1. Dispositional (internal)
  2. Situational (external)
86
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

We have a bias towards attributing dispositional causes to the behaviors of others

87
Q

Halo Effect

A

The tendency to allow a general impression of someone to influence more specific evaluations of them (i.e. I like Joe, Joe is a good writer)

88
Q

Belief in a Just World

A

Melvin Lerner

Good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people - we receive the outcomes we deserve. Helps people believe in a predictable world, but increases the likelihood of victim blaming

89
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

We tend to use make internal attributions for our successes and external attributions for our failures

90
Q

Script

A

A person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

91
Q

Social Norm

A

Group expectations regarding what is acceptable or appropriate for thoughts and behaviors of its members

92
Q

Social Role

A

Socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

93
Q

Asch Effect

A

Group majority influences judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate (i.e. line length study)

94
Q

Stereotype

A

Negative thoughts about a person based on his/her group membership. Often thoughts are overgeneralized to include all members of a group, and does not take individual differences into account

95
Q

Prejudice

A

Negative attitudes or feelings about a person based on his/her group membership

96
Q

Discrimination

A

Negative actions against a person based on his/her group membership

97
Q

In-Group Bias

A

The preference for our own group over other groups (out-groups - which we view as fundamentally different)

98
Q

Matching Hypothesis

A

People tend to pick someone they view as their equal in physical attractiveness and social desirability

99
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

Triangular Love Theory

100
Q

Triangular Love Theory

A

Robert Sternberg

Three components of love:

  1. Intimacy
  2. Passion
  3. Commitment

Consummate love involves all three

Psychology GRE (10 decks)

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