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Psychology GRE > Research Design, Statistics, Tests, and Measurements > Flashcards

Research Design, Statistics, Tests, and Measurements Flashcards

1
Q

Mean

A

Sum of observations/number of observations

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2
Q

Median

A

The number that divides the data in half

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3
Q

Mode

A

The number with the highest frequency

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4
Q

Range

A

Highest score minus lowest score

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5
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The square root of variance

Average scatter away from the mean. 34% between mean and SD, 14% between 1 SD and 2 SDs, 2% beyond 2 SDs

68% within +/-1 SD, 96% within +/- 2 SDs, 100% within +/- 3 SDs

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6
Q

Variance

A

Standard deviation squared

How much each score varies from the mean

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7
Q

Z-Score

A

Your score minus (mean/standard deviation)

Indicates the number of standard deviations your score is from the mean

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8
Q

Binet and Simon

A

Developed the Binet-Simon intelligence test

Introduced the concept of mental age

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9
Q

Holland

A

Developed RIASEC model of occupational themes

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10
Q

Jensen

A

Suggested that there were genetically based radical differences in IQ (this suggestion has been much criticized)

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11
Q

Morgan and Murray

A

Developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a projective test designed to measure personality

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12
Q

Rorschach

A

Developed the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test designed to measure personality

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13
Q

Rotter

A

Developed a sentence completion test, a projective test designed to measure personality

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14
Q

Stern

A

Developed the concept of the radio IQ

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15
Q

Strong and Campbell

A

Developed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory used to assess interest in different lines of work (they did not work together, Campbell revised earlier test of Strong’s)

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16
Q

Terman

A

Revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test - revision became known as the Stanford-Binet IQ Test

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17
Q

Weschler

A

Developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages (WPPSI, WISC, and WAIS). These tests yield three deviation IQs: a verbal IQ, a performance IQ, and a full-scale IQ

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18
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two or more variables

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19
Q

Variable

A

A factor that varies in amount or kind and can be measured

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20
Q

Operation Definitions

A

States how the researcher will measure the variables

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21
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable whose effect on another variable is being studied (is manipulated)

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22
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable expected to change due to variations in the independent variable (is measured)

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23
Q

Three Basic Types of Research

A
  1. True experiments (random assignment and manipulation)
  2. Quasi-experiments (no random assignment or not full control over IV)
  3. Correlational studies
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24
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Researcher does not intervene; measures behavior as it occurs naturally

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25
Population
The group the researchers wishes to generalize their results to
26
Representative Sample
Sample is a miniature version of the population
27
Random Sampling
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample
28
Stratified Random Sampling
Relevant subgroups of the population are randomly sampled in proportion to their size
29
Between-Subjects Design
Subject is only exposed to one level of the IV
30
Matched-Subjects Design
Pairing participants to ensure that both groups are approximately equal on the matched variable
31
Within-Subjects Design
Using same subjects in both groups. AKA Repeated-measures design. Need to counterbalance
32
Nonequivalent Group Design
Where a control group is not necessarily similar to the experimental group - when the researcher cannot use random assignment
33
Experimenter Bias
Experimenter's expectations or attitudes that can affect results. Remedy = double blinding
34
Demand Characteristics
Cues in a research situation that suggest to the subject what is expected, which changes the subject's behavior. Possible remedy = deception
35
Hawthorne Effect
The effect that being observed has on behavior. remedy = control groups
36
T-Scores
Distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10
37
Factor Analysis
Attempts to account for the interrelationships found among variables by seeing how groups of variables "hang together"
38
Factor
A cluster of variables highly correlated with each other is assumed to be measuring the same thing
39
Type I Error
Rejecting the null when the null is true (hypothesis is not really correct, but we say that it is)
40
Type II Error
Accepting the null when the null is false (hypothesis is correct, but we say that it isn't) Probability of making a type II error is beta
41
T-Test
Comparing two means
42
ANOVA
Compare more than two means
43
Chi-Square
Compare differences between groups when data is categorical. Also compares observed frequencies to expected frequencies
44
Norm-Referenced Testing
Assessing performance in terms of comparison to others. Norms are derived from standardized samples
45
Domain-Rederenced Testing
AKA Criterion-referenced testing Performance assessed in terms of what the test taker knows or can do
46
Reliability
Consistency
47
Test-Retest Reliability
Same test administered to same group at a later time
48
Alternate-Form Method of Reliability
Different tests given to same group at a two different times
49
Split-Half Reliability
Halves of one test given to same people. Halves are correlated.
50
Validity
Accuracy
51
Content Validity
The estimate of how much a measure represents every single element of a construct
52
Face Validity
Whether the test appears (at face value) to measure what it claims to.
53
Criterion Validity
Assesses whether a test reflects a certain set of abilities (includes concurrent and predictive validity)
54
Construct Validity
The extent to which a test captures a specific theoretical construct or trait (includes convergent and discriminant validity)
55
Scales of Measurement
1. Nominal/categorical 2. Ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio
56
Nominal Scale
Data that can be categorized but not ordered (i.e. sex)
57
Ordinal Scale
Data that can be ordered (i.e. order of finish in a race)
58
Interval Scale
Data that can be ordered and that has meaningful, equal intervals between numbers (i.e. temperature)
59
Ratio Scale
Data that can be ordered, has meaningful intervals, and a true zero point (i.e. income)
60
Aptitude Tests
A type of ability test that are used to predict what one can accomplish through training. Used to predict performance (i.e. intelligence tests)
61
Achievement Tests
A type of ability test that assesses what one knows or can do at the moment - they test adequacy of learning content and skill
62
Deviation IQ
Indicates how well a person performed on an IQ test relative to his/her same age peers (i.e. Stanford-Binet)
63
Wechsler Tests
Two broad subscales: verbal and performance. Three major IQ tests: 1. WPPSI (preschool) 2. WISC (children) 3. WAIS (adults)
64
Two Major Personality Tests
1. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MPPI) | 2. California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
65
Projective Tests
1. Rorschach inkblot test 2. Thematic Apperception Test (pictures with ambiguous meanings) 3. Blacky pictures (for children: cartoon pictures with a dog named Blacky. Meant to correspond to stages of psychosexual development) 4. Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (sentence completion)
66
Interest Testing
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory measures interest in different lines of work. Interpretation based on Holland's model of occupational themes (RIASEC): 1. realistic 2. investigative 3. artistic 4. social 5. enterprising 6. conventional

Psychology GRE (10 decks)

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