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Psychology GRE > Learning & Ethology > Flashcards

Learning & Ethology Flashcards

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1
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Studied observational learning

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2
Q

Breland and Breland

A

Discovered and studied instinctual drift (raccoon would not drop the coin because of a species-specific behavior patttern)

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3
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Proposed a theory of evolution with natural selection as its centerpiece

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4
Q

John Garcia

A

Studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli (rats did not pair water with shock)

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5
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Studied insight in problem solving using monkeys and food that was just out of reach. In opposition to Thorndike’s notion that problem-solving is trial and error

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6
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment (not in a lab setting)

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7
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Discovered the basic principles of classical conditioning

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8
Q

David Premack

A

Suggested the Premack Principle: that a more-preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity

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9
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

Performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning - proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning

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10
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Developed principles of operant conditioning

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11
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Proposed the law of effect

Used puzzle boxes to study problem-solving in cats (believed that problem solving was a product of trial and error)

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12
Q

Nikolaas Tinbergen

A

Ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations

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13
Q

Karl von Frisch

A

Ethologist who studied communication in honeybees

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14
Q

John Watson

A

Performed the experiment on Little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning

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15
Q

E. O. Wilson

A

Developed sociobiology (how various social behaviors increase fitness - behavior as resulting from interplay between the environment and genetics)

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16
Q

Joseph Wolpe

A

Developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias

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17
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Stimulus that reflexively elicits the response (aka neutral stimulus)

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18
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

Response that is reflexively elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Stimulus that, after conditioning, is able to elicit a non-reflexive response

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20
Q

Conditioned Response

A

A response that, after conditioning, is elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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21
Q

Backward Conditioning

A

Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus - largely unsuccessful

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22
Q

Forward Conditioning

A

Presenting the conditioned stimulus before the unconditioned stimulus = most effective

23
Q

Acquisition in terms of Classical Conditioning

A

Period of learning

24
Q

Extinction

A

Presenting the CS without the UCS

25
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

After extinction and a period of rest, the CS may produce a weak CR

26
Q

Generalization in terms of Classical Conditioning

A

When a stimulus similar to the CS elicits the CR

27
Q

Second-Order Conditioning

A

When a NS is paired with a CS instead of an UCS
Step 1 - Regular classical conditioning
Step 2 - Present new UCS just before CS, without presenting reinforcement: CR will happen with new UCS as well

28
Q

Sensory Reconditioning

A

When two NS are paired together
Step 1 - Pair two NS
Step 2 - Pair one NS with UCS: CR should occur with this NS. Can then test for sensory preconditioning by exposing to the other NS and looking for CR

29
Q

Contiguity (Classical Conditioning)

A

CS and UCS are contiguous (near) in time

30
Q

Contingency (Classical Conditioning)

A

CS is a good signal of the UCS

31
Q

Blocking (Classical Conditioning)

A

CS is a good signal for the UCS AND provides non-redundant information about the occurrence of the UCS

32
Q

Law of Effect

A

E. L. Thorndike

If a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future

33
Q

Discriminative Stimulus (Operant Conditioning)

A

A stimulus condition that indicates that behavior will bring about a certain consequence (i.e. pigeon only gets food for pecking when a light is on)

34
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A
  1. Fixed Ratio
  2. Variable Ratio (most resistant to extinction and produces the most rapid response rate)
  3. Fixed Interval
  4. Variable Interval
35
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior

36
Q

Flooding

A

Behavioral treatment based on classical conditioning where the client experiences the feared situation

37
Q

Implosion

A

Behavioral treatment based on classical conditioning where the client imagines the feared situation

38
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Joseph Wolpe

Behavioral treatment based on classical conditioning where the client develops a hierarchy of fear, moves up the hierarchy and practices relaxation techniques (cannot both be relaxed and afraid - relaxation is reinforced: “counter conditioning”)

39
Q

Conditioned Aversion

A

Behavioral treatment based on classical conditioning where the desired but unacceptable stimulus is paired with an aversive USC

40
Q

Contingency Management

A

The general name for behavioral treatments based in operant conditioning - refers to altering the consequences of behavior in order to change behavior

41
Q

Behavioral Contracts

A

Behavioral treatment based on operant conditioning where two people develop a written agreement that states the consequences of a certain behavior (useful for resolving interpersonal conflicts)

42
Q

Time-Out

A

Behavioral treatment based on operant conditioning where the person is removed from a potentially reinforcing situation before they can be reinforced for undesirable behavior

43
Q

Token Economies

A

Behavioral treatment based on operant conditioning where tokens are given or taken for good or bad behavior and can be traded in for a larger reward

44
Q

Premack Principle

A

Behavioral treatment based on operant conditioning that involves using a more-preferred activity to reinforce a less-preferred activity

45
Q

Challenges to Behaviorists

A
  1. Problem solving and insight (Thorndike and Kohler)
  2. Cognitive maps (Tolman - animals have mental maps of physical spaces)
  3. Observational learning (Bandura)
  4. Preparedness (Garcia)
  5. Instinctual drift (Breland and Breland - instinctual ways of behaving can override conditioning)
46
Q

Fixed-Action Pattern

A

Stereotyped behavior sequence that is not learned

47
Q

Sign Stimuli

A

Features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a fixed-action pattern

  • Releaser = a sign stimulus that triggers social behaviors between animals
  • Supernormal stimulus = a model more effective at triggering a fixed-action pattern than actual sign stimuli found in nature
48
Q

Innate Releasing Mechanism

A

A mechanism in an animal’s NS that connects sign stimuli with the correct fixed-action pattern

49
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

A

Behaviors that prevent members of closely related species from mating. Only exist in areas where closely related species are both in the same area (i.e. species-specific call of birds to attract mates)

50
Q

Reproductive Fitness

A

The number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce

51
Q

Altruism (Ethology)

A

Behavior that decreases reproductive fitness to help others of the same species

52
Q

Theory of Kin Selection

A

Inclusive fitness - will tr to maximize both numbers of other relatives and numbers of offspring who live to a reproductive age (explains altruism)

53
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

Long-term increase in responsiveness of a neuron due to experience. Explains classical conditioning at the neural level

Psychology GRE (10 decks)

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