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Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Example of hindsight bias

A

You take a test and put A, when you get it back, the answer was C and you say “i knew it all along” I was gonna put C.

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2
Q

Overconfidence

A

We tend to think we know more than we do

Ex) drawing a bike

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3
Q

Social psychology

A

Scientific study of how we think about, influence, & relate to one another

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4
Q

Attribution theory

A

Suggests how we explain someone’s behavior – by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition

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5
Q

Fritz heider (1958)

A

Ex) examine students

  • disposition: child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality
  • situational: child’s hostility is a reaction to stress or abuse
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6
Q

Fundamental attribution error (FAE)

A

Tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation & overestimate impact of personal disposition

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7
Q

FAE, what is over & under estimated?

A

Overestimate- personal disposition

Underestimate- situation

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8
Q

Example of FAE? Dealing with Germans

A

All Germans are evil

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9
Q

Dealing with relationships, when is committing the FAE more likely?

A

Good relationship @ beginning- not likely to commit error bc we are understanding (situational)
Relationship worsens @end- look past situational thing & turn to disposition, COMMIT FAE MUCH MORE @END

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10
Q

David napolitan & george goethak (1979)

What study? Results?

A

Williams college student (male students spoke w/ pretty woman)
-spontaneous: disposition
-told her to be nice/mean : situational
MALES SAID BOTH TIMES IT WAS HER DISPOSITION (she was nice to me bc she liked me)

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11
Q

Western vs East Asian cultures

Does FAE depend on culture? Ex to prove? Which is more likely to commit FAE?

A

Ex) only 2 mental disorders (depression & schizophrenia) that appear universally, rest depend on culture
-western: more likely for FAE bc we are not in groups (US, Europe is mainly individual driven)

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12
Q

Why do people do what they do?

A

Bc we are way more susceptible when we aren’t 100% on what we believe

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13
Q

Actions can also affect what?

A

Attitudes & vice versa

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14
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

Tendency that when you agree w/ a small request, you are more likely to agree to a bigger request
(Let them in, take time, hard to shut the door)

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15
Q

Example of foot in door phenomenon

A

Korean War - (Americans taken in China to do small tasks-> end up staying in China (21) after war was over)

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16
Q 
Robert cualdini (1993)
Study? Results? Why?
A

Doing becomes believing
-agreed w/ small request of having a sign in their car -> more likely to agree to having big sign in their year
FOOT IN DOOR

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17
Q

Example of foot in door dealing with salesmen?

A

Meat salesmen to mr. Insley

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18
Q

Door in the face

A

After turning door large, unreasonable request, likelier to agree to a smaller more reasonable request
Ex) driving tesla ($145,000), $40,000 now seems reasonable

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19
Q

Foot in door technique relating to hitler

A

Hitler asked little requests of the Germans like writing down Jews names, then Germans wiped out the Jews
FOOT IN DOOR

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20
Q

Low ball technique

A

Once committed more likely to pay for hidden costs

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21
Q

Examples of low ball technique ? Art & car & concert?

A

Art on a cruise ship
Used car dealership- 9k for car, you agreed to pay, 500 for tires-> likely to pay bc u already paid 9k
Concert tickets- $60 you agreed to pay, $20 for handling-> likely to pay bc u already committed

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22
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Uneasiness we fell when our actions & attitudes don’t match

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23
Q

Dissonance meaning?

Cognitive meaning?

A

Means uneasiness

Means brain, thinking

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24
Q

Example of cognitive dissonance

A

Smoking- say you’re never gonna do it -> end up doing it bc you would always buy packs for your friend

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25
Q

Example of cognitive dissonance dealing with a survey?

A

$1- experience dissonance: paid $1 & said you must’ve liked it bc $1 is such a small amount
$20- experience dissonance: paid $20 & said you still hated it (bc u did it for the money)

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26
Q

Effects of attribution dealing with political liberals & conservatives?

A

Conservatives- poverty seen as dispositional (republicans, blame person)
Liberals- poverty seen as situational (democrats, blame situation/system)

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27
Q

2 psychology techniques used to make sense of the world?

A

Overconfidence & hindsight bias

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28
Q

Hindsight bias

A

To see events that have already occurred as being more predictable than they were before they took place

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29
Q

Social relations

How do we relate to others?

A

Conflict & prejudice
Attraction
Aggression
Altruism & peacemaking

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30
Q

In group vs out group

Implies?

A

Implies who we are & who we are not

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31
Q

In group bias

A

Tendency to favor one’s own group

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32
Q

Example of in group bias

A

Olmsted falls vs north Olmsted

Funny chinos example (spot)

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33
Q

Prejudice

A

An unjustifiable attitude towards a group of people

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34
Q

Discrimination

A

The action

35
Q

Can prejudice change over time?

A

Yes

36
Q

Overt vs subtle

A

Overt- in your face, discrimination (looking at it)

Subtle- difficult to prove, probably there ex) white sounding names were approved, but black sounding ones were not

37
Q

What does subtle involved?

A

Usually involves STEREOTYPED beliefs (generalized belief about a group of ppl)
Ex) tall ppl play basketball

38
Q

Kent harber (1998)

A

Essay experiment
Told white student-> tons of feed back
Told African American-> little feedback

Gap grows bc this, sets them up for failure

39
Q

Amygdala

A

Reactions in the amygdala (area of brain partly responsible for emotion processing) when showing black & white faces

-stronger emotion of one person or other

40
Q

“Is it a gun?” Experiment (greenwald & others 2003)

A

Anadou diallo
(Told to freeze, reached for wallet, shot 41 times)
Video game -> (more likely to shoot African American gun or no gun faster)

41
Q

How does prejudice occur?

A

Scapegoat theory & bullies
-reason for discomfort so they blame others

People may be prejudice toward a group to vent their anger

42
Q

Just world phenomenon

A

People get what they deserve

Role of hindsight bias

43
Q

Attitudes

A

Beliefs & feelings about objects, people, and event that can affect how people behave in certain situations
Ex)all people created equally & should be treated positively -> became flight attendant & interaction

44
Q

Conditioning

Ex

A

Parents believe important to give & help less fortunate

-> assists charities

45
Q

Observational learning

A

Learned through coworkers how to communicate effectively with those of different beliefs on the airplane

46
Q

Cognitive evaluation

A

Wanted a divorce, needs to evaluate evidence about what the separation would include bc she needs to be able to justify it to the court & her family

47
Q

Cognitive anchors

A

Early age, Was taught that patience is key & was rewarded for not jumping to conclusion. This shapes the way she interprets events as situational & not disposition.

48
Q

Behavior following attitudes

A

Believes all ppl are equal & should be treated with respect, therefore, she’s more likely to help those in need than others who believe in ethnocentrism or racism.

49
Q

Contact theory

ex?

A

(Combating prejudice)
contact btwn hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made to work towards a super-ordinate goal
-2 different groups put together work toward common goal
EX) SU & US kill hitler

50
Q

aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

-regardless of if its done reactively or proactively

51
Q

psychology of aggression, theres 2 types of aggression

A

1) Hostile aggression

2) instrumental aggression

52
Q

Hostile aggression

A

just wants to hurt someone

EX) football targeting, Sid in toy story

53
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

get something out of it

EX) Bullying -> acquire power

54
Q

Theories of aggression (2)

A

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Bandura’s Modeling

55
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

definition? creates?

A

(we have goals & things get in the way -> aggression)
-explanation for the origin of aggression
Frustration-Aggression Principle: blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal
- creates anger which generates aggression
Goals can be: sports or work, relationship, body condition etc.
EX) goal to be starting point guard, funeral occurred cant attend prac couldnt be starter -> aggression

56
Q

Bandura’s Modeling

idea? study?

A

idea: can we learn to be aggressive or gentle?
They can be learned but once learned-> difficult to change
-Bobo doll experiment (models for behavior-> likely to repeat it)

57
Q

biological influences occur at what 3 levels for aggression?

A
  • genetic
  • neural
  • biochemical (hormones)
58
Q

genetic

A

-twin studies (Milrd & Carey, 1997)
-identical (likeliest to pick) & fraternal
(identical- strongest connection, genetic link to aggression) nature, not just nurture in aggression
-genetic markers (y-chromosome) increase risk for aggressive tendencies if male

59
Q

neural
2 examples
wheres aggression influenced in our brain?

A

-poor monkey’s (Moyer, 1983)
-Amygdala (influences our aggression, prefrontal cortex slows us down & frontal lobe says not to punch them) (frontal lobe damaged -> bad decision making)
-Small monkey & his cleverness (hit button to calm angry monkey)
-violent criminals, brain trauma, frontal lobe size
(diminished frontal lobe, not bad to rob liquor store)

60
Q

frontal lobe continues to develop until around when?

A

until around 20 yrs old

61
Q

biochemical

2 reasons

A

(aka hormones)

  • raging bull & castration (same in mice) (take testosterone away, become submissive)
  • criminals (males, younger, muscular)
    • higher than avg. testosterone (especially linked w/ aggression)
62
Q

Altruism

definition? genetic view? criticisms?

A

unselfish concern for the welfare of other ppl (we do things w/o knowledge of possible reward)

63
Q

ex of true altruism?

A

charles ramsey, wasnt expecting a reward

64
Q

genetic view & criticisms of altruism?

A

genetic view: we are altruistic by nature
criticisms:
-no clear genetic link (same rationale for anger)
-Why are we altruistic towards ppl who are unrelated?
(genetics doesnt fully explain why we help be helping strangers doesn’t apply to genetics)

65
Q

Altruism examples using Africa (Rawanda)

A 
Carl Wilken (1994)- in Africa, stayed & helped those in Rawanda committed to helping them
Paul Rusesabagina (1994)- in Africa, sheltered Tutse ppl in his hotels, got them to safety, put himself in harms way for other ppl
66
Q

Prosocial behavior
(Why dont we help?)
ex?

A

Kitty Genovese case in Kew Gardens NY
(20 yr old, cried for help, attacker left & came back to kill her, 37 ppl heard but did nothing bc figured someone else was helping)

67
Q

bystander effect

A

conditions in which ppl are more or less likely to help one another.
in general, the more ppl around, the less chance of help bc of… diffusion of responsibility
(more ppl who notice situation (are present), less inclined to help)

68
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

notice, interpret, assume responsibility

like percentages, only person 100%, 10 ppl only 10% help

69
Q

pluralistic Ignorance

A

people decide what to do by looking to others
(look @ others to see what they’re doing, no one is helping -> may not be that important)
(assuming responsibility has to do w/ if we actually would help, nurse & him-lick)

70
Q

Why dont we help? (4)

A

lack of awareness
helpless
possibility of a mistake
fear of injury

71
Q

Research from Bibb & Latane (1968)

study of why we dont help, bystander effect & diffusion of responsibility

A

seizures- (headset told 3 ppl listening-> not likely to help, told just you are listening-> more likely to help)

72
Q

why do we help?

8

A

victim is similar to us (prejudice plays apart in who we help, not like us-> usually wont help)
mood (good mood-> help)
empathy (put ourselves in their shoes, relate)
sense of personal responsibility (no one else is gonna)
being competent (I’ve got this)
strong need for approval
we are not in a hurry

73
Q

why do we befriend and fall in love with some ppl but not others? (3)

A

proximity
physical attractiveness
similarity

74
Q

proximity

A

geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship. Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction (mere exposure effect)

75
Q

mere exposure effect simple definition

ex of mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to things breeds liking

  • white penguin born in zoo was accepted after 3 wks by other penguins just due to proximity
  • food-> hate, not bad, like it, love it
  • oregon state & black bag
  • marriage example (similar names, see it all the time, like their name)
76
Q

physical attractiveness

A

once proximity affords contacy next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance
-healthier, happier, successful…but not more compassionate or trustworthy
(some ppl wonder if promotoed bc looks or work ethic)

77
Q

`examples proving physcial attractiveness importance

A

walster & others, 1996 - college dance - after dance physcial attractiveness determined whether 2nd date or not
Wall 2002 - more $ on beauty supplies than on education and social services

78
Q

what is beauty?

A

some ppl say beauty is facial symmetry

“golden ratio” appears in nature, # ratios = how beautiful

79
Q

beauty & culture

A

perceived different based on culture
EX) China - small feet more beautiful (bind feet)
alter body in a way that’s unnatural (high heels and binding, tattoos and braille, not all that different)

80
Q

similarity

definition? exs?

A

similar views among inviduals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen
Similarity Breeds Content!
ex) South Korea- dress the same
Work out together

81
Q

2 types of love

A

passionate love

companionate love

82
Q

passionate love

A

aroused state of intense positive absorption of another (doesn’t last 4ever) (1st initial stage of love)

83
Q

companionate love

A

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those w. whom our lives are intertwined
-like being around them, passionate love initiates, gives way to this stage

84
Q

what makes compassionate love work?

A
  • equity (supporting one another)

- self-disclosure (doesn’t laugh at dream, find a way to support them)

Psychology (6 decks)

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