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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

Recall

what must you do? examples?

A
  • must retrieve information from your memory

- fill in the blank or essay tests

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3
Q

Recognition

what must you do? example?

A
  • must identify the target from possible targets

- multiple choice tests

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4
Q

what are the different kinds of memory? (5)

A 
episodic
flashbulb
semantic
explicit
implicit
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5
Q

Episode memory

def? description? ex?

A

memory of a specific event

  • took place in a person’s presence/experienced it
  • EX) what you ate last night
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6
Q 
Flashbulb memories (type of episodic)
def? why etched in memory? (2)
A

places/events that we photograph in detail bc of the connection to important events that occurred

  • etched in memory bc it’s distinct and we pay more attention to events w/ special meaning
  • think about these memories oftern
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7
Q

Semantic memory

def? ex? why is it different than episodic?

A

general knowledge ppl remember
EX) George Washington= 1st president
different than episodic bc we don’t remember when the memory was acquired

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8
Q

Both semantic and episodic memories are what?

A

both examples of explicit memory

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9
Q

Explicit memory

def?

A

memory of specific information

which may be autobiographical (episodic) or general knowledge (semantic

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10
Q

Implicit memory

def? ex? description (2)?

A 
(opposite of explicit)
skills/procedures you've learned 
implied- not clearly stated
EX) throwing a ball
once learned, usually stays for many yrs (unlikely to forget memory)
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11
Q

2 types of explicit memories are…

A

episodic

semantic

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12
Q

how to remember semantic is general knowledge?

A

Semantic- School

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13
Q

Implicit memories are what kind of memories? (2)

ex of 1?

A

procedural memories
-cooking
conditioned memories

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14
Q

an emotionally charged memory where details are rich

A

flashbulb memory

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15
Q

how did flashbulb memories test links dealing w/ studying for tests?

A

research shows: study where place & form mirrors how you’re going to test for remembering things long term

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16
Q

George Bush and Brian Williams demonstrated what type of flashbulb memory?

A

false recall
George- thought 2nd plane, false
Brian- part of helicopter story, wasn’t

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17
Q

State dependent memory means?

A

sad, depressed, happy, angry
if you were in this state when the memory happened, likely to recall it in this state
could depend on the place other than recall

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18
Q

Encoding Information

what are some effects and processing that can occur? (4)

A

Serial Positioning Effect
Primary Effect
Recency Effect
Shallow vs Deep Processing

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19
Q

Primary Effect

A

likely to recall things @ beginning & end, lose middle

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20
Q

Recency Effect

A

remember most recent items

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21
Q

Shallow vs Deep Processing

A

Shallow- reciting info w/o meaning

Deep- establishing and connecting meaning to what we know

22
Q

Serial Positioning Effect

A

(broken down into primary & recency effect)

tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.

23
Q

Example of Deep Processing

A

Peg word method

1-sun 2-shoe 3-tree

24
Q

Spacing Effect

lesson? relates to? what’s important? the person who hypothesized the decline of memory retention in time?

A

Do Not Cram (spread learning over time)
think back to brain unit (rats in a maze)
distributed practice (sleep is important)
Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

25
Q

Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

analogy? studied? conclusions (2)?

A

Ebbinghaus was to memory as Pavlov was the classical conditioning
studied how to retain info long term
-more time learning upfront-> easier to learn after (keep going over it)
-tested on himself, repeated words, more time spent-> easier to learn later on

26
Q

The Memory Process

what are the 3 steps?

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

27
Q

The Memory Process: Encoding

A

The processing of info into the memory system

-brain, sizzle of bacon -> remember process

28
Q

The Memory Process: Storage

A

The retention of encoded material over time

29
Q

The Memory Process: Retrieval

A

The process of getting the information out of memory storage

-Trump said 7/11 and not 9/11, recall error

30
Q

The ways we can encode… (3)

A

visual encoding
acoustic encoding
semantic encoding

31
Q

visual encoding

A

the encoding of picture images

32
Q

acoustic encoding

A

the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words

33
Q

semantic encoding

A

the encoding of meaning

context, sentences w/ vocab

34
Q

order from best to worst for ways of encoding?

A

best- semantic encoding
middle- visual encoding
worst- acoustic encoding

35
Q

Benefit of visual imagery

A

far more capacity for visual over auditory memories

36
Q

Ways to remember things in STM…so things go to LTM (4)

A

Chunking
Mnemonic
Rehearsal
Organizational Systems

37
Q

Chunking

def? examples? (2)

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

-phone #’s & social security

38
Q

Mnemonic devices

examples? (2)

A
  • ROYGBIV

- HOMES

39
Q

Rehearsal

2 types, what are they?

A

Maintenance vs Elaborative
maintenance like repetition
elaborative like linking & connecting things w/ what’s possible (thinking about the meaning of the term)

40
Q

Organizational Systems

ex?

A

fox

-monster cat tiger dog

41
Q

Short Term Memory

what is it? ex using a method? how are events encoded?

A

the stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM
(Method of Loci-home, place things in specific location)
events are encoded visually, acoustically, or semantically

42
Q

Short Term Memory

how much does it hold? what do humans recall better?

A

holds about 7 +/- 2 items for about 20 seconds

we recall digits better than letters

43
Q

Retrieval

how can things be retrieved when given a hint? what if you feel you know the answer but can’t get it out?

A
  • through letters (like activity)

- tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

44
Q

Long Term Memory

def? explicit vs implicit?

A
  • Unlimited storehouse of information (more constructive than exact)
  • Explicit (declarative) memories (consciously recalled, facts/verbal knowledge, etc)
  • Implicit (non-declarative) memories (procedural)
45
Q

Storing Memories

what is used to do so?

A

Long-Term Potentiation (act of laying down a memory)

46
Q 
Storing Memories: Long-Term Potentiation
def of it? what is basically happening? ex?
A
  • long lasting enhancement in signal transmission btwn 2 neurons that results from stimulating them together
  • learn to fire together & get better at it, creating a memory
  • EX) LeBron now dunking a basketball
47
Q

Forgetting and the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon are both what?

A

retrieval issues

48
Q

What are the 2 types of forgetting?

A

Retroactive Interference

Proactive Interference

49
Q

Retroactive Interference

def? examples? (2)

A

new information blocks out old information
EX) getting a new bus # & forgetting old bus #
EX) getting new address & forgetting old address

50
Q

Proactive Interference

A

old information blocks out new information
EX) Calling new gf by old gf’s name
EX) year changes, write down 2015 but it’s 2016

Psychology (6 decks)

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