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Psychology > Classical vs Operant Conditioning > Flashcards

Classical vs Operant Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

loud noises make us cower what is this an example of?

why?

A

classical conditioning
(relevant to survival)
(instinctive in nature)
(curl inward, mean death/danger, rolly polly bugs)

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2
Q

we repeat behaviors that bring us pleasure and often stop those that bring us pain
What is this an example of? why?

A

operant conditioning

choice

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3
Q

find ourselves unconsciously mimicking someone we respect

what is this an example of?

A 
observational learning
(doll, bandura study)
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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

it all started with whom? what is it? deals with? examples?

A

all started with Ivan Pavlov
-1 way that all organisms learn to adapt to their environment
(a lot deals w/ survival, turtle pulls head in its’ shell)
(dog learned to associate food & noise together)

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5
Q 
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
(Classical Conditioning) examples w/ pavlov and class example
A

thing that brings forth unconditioned response

food for pavlov, water for jared

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6
Q 
Unconditioned Response (UR)
(Classical Conditioning) examples w/ pavlov and class example
A

reaction

drool for pavlov, flinch for jared

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7
Q 
Neutral Stimulus 
(Classical Conditioning) examples w/ pavlov and class example
A

metronome for pavlov, the word “can” for jared

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8
Q 
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
(Classical Conditioning) examples w/ pavlov and class example
A

starts neutral and becomes learned, brings forth the response (conditioned so it’s been learned)
metronome for pavlov, word “can” for jared

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9
Q 
Conditioned Response (CR) 
(Classical Conditioning) examples w/ pavlov and class example
A

drool for pavlov, flinch even w/o water from “can” for jared

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10
Q 
Unconditioned Stimulus (US/UCS)
definition
A

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

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11
Q 
Unconditioned Response (UR/UCR)
definition
A

the unlearned naturally occurring response to the UCS

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12
Q 
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
definition
A

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association w/ the UCS, comes to trigger a response

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13
Q 
Conditioned Response (CR)
definition
A

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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14
Q

Pavlov spent how long outlining his ideas in Classical Conditioning?

A

the rest of his life

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15
Q

Acquisition

what is it? what happens? does timing matter? what should the timing involve (2)?

A
  • the initial stage of learning
  • phase where the neutral stimulus is associated w/ the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS)
  • timing matters, it’s adaptive
    • the CS should come before the UCS (can b4 water)
    • should be very close together in timing
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16
Q

Extinction

what is it? what happens? example? is it permanent?

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response
will eventually happen when UCS does NOT follow CS
psychologist Michael Tirrel (1990)
-onion breath (strongly like girl, breath neutral-> CS, liked breath then) (broke up-> onion breath tapered off
extinction not permanent

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17
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

the reappearance after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response (song->brings back a memory)

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18
Q

Generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses
John B. Watson (baby, conditioned the environment)

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19
Q

Discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish btwn a CS & other stimuli that does NOT signal UCR
(afraid of RAT, but not of FUR)

20
Q

Applications

3

A

phobias 2

  • flooding
  • counterconditioning
  • systemic desensitization
21
Q

flooding

A

(immediate exposure to stimulus ex: afraid of heights-> empire state, like fear factor)

22
Q

counterconditioning

A

pair what they fear w/ something they like
-peter and the rabbit
(overwhelmed joy w/ eating cookie, rabbit in room w/ cookie, move rabbit close, eventually doesn’t bother them)

23
Q

systemic desensitization

A

subtle, little @ a time ex: ladder

step by step

24
Q

operant conditioning

def?

A

type of learning where behavior is strengthen if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
(doesn’t work the same for everyone)

25
Q 
Classical vs Operant 
both use (5)? classical is? ex? operant is?
A

both use acquisition. discrimination, SR, generalization, and extinction
Classical is automatic (respondent behavior, involuntary)
-dog automatically salivate over meat, then bell- no thinking involved -learning associations btwn events doesn’t control
Operant involves behavior where one can influence their environment w/ behaviors which has consequences (operant behavior, voluntary)

26
Q

edward thorndike

what did he discover? what is it called?

A

Law of Effect: Rewarded behavior is likely to recur

27
Q

B.F. Skinner

known for? what did he discover?

A

pioneer of Operant Conditioning

-Shaping and Chaining

28
Q

Shaping and chaining

def

A

a procedure in Operant Conditioning where reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal
(shaping-molding into something else, chaining- sit, lay down, link together)

29
Q

what also goes with shaping and chaining?

def? ex?

A

Successive Approximations

-closer and closer you get until appropriate behavior (part of link, squat instead of sit)

30
Q

Reinforcer

def? 2 types are?

A

any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows

two types: Positive and Negative

31
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response

32
Q

Negative Reinforcement

def? examples (6)

A 
strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus 
EX: taking aspirin-headache removed
putting on seatbelt- beeping removed
fan- heat removed
gloves on cold day- cold removed
working out- lbs removed 
snooze- beeping removed
33
Q

example of negative reinforcement dealing with grades

A

zero in gradebook-> turn it in, get rid of zero

34
Q

types of reinforcers (2)

A

primary reinforcers

conditioned (secondary) reinforcers

35
Q

primary reinforcers

def? ex (3)?

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus
(natural)
-food -affection -pain going away

36
Q

conditioned (secondary) reinforcers

def? ex (2)?

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association w/ a primary reinforcer
-cash -grades

37
Q

Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcers

who doesnt respond to delayed reinforcers? ex of why? ex of immediate vs delayed? correlation?

A

humans will respond to delayed reinforcers, animals will NOT (pay later, dog bone you cant give later)
the marshmallow test
-correlation btwn delaying reinforcement and later success

38
Q

(reinforcement schedules)
continuous reinforcement
def? ex?

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

EX: M&M’s to go potty

39
Q

(reinforcement schedules)

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time
the acquisition process is slower (gambling)
greater resistance to extinction
-pigeons (150,000x to get food, “next one”)

40
Q

reinforcement schedules

4 types

A

fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed interval schedule
variable interval schedule

41
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

def? examples?

A

schedule that reinforcers a response only after a specified number of responses (coffee shop, little caesars) (predictable, control)
EX: I give cookie monster a cookie every 5 times he sings “C is for Cookie”

42
Q

variable-ratio schedule

def? examples?

A

schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an UNPREDICTABLE # of responses (sport, gambling) (harder to extinguish)
EX: slot machine

43
Q

fixed interval schedule

def? examples?

A

schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified TIME as elapsed
EX: 9 week grades, baking cookies check @ 19 min

44
Q

variable interval schedule

def? example?

A

schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response @ unpredictable time intervals
EX: pop quizzes

45
Q

reinforcement vs punishment?

A

reinforcement- want behavior to repeat

punishment- want behavior to stop

Psychology (6 decks)

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