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Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

how does a neuron fire?

what kind of process is it? what is the firing called?

A

its an electrochemical process
electrical INSIDE the neuron
chemical OUTSIDE the neuron (in the synapse in the form of a neurotransmitter)
firing is called ACTION POTENTIAL

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2
Q

cell body

A

cell’s life support center

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3
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages from other cells

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4
Q

axon

A

passes messages from cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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5
Q

terminal branches of axon

A

form junction w/ other cells

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers axons of some neurons and helps speed up neural impulses

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7
Q

neural impulse

A

electrical signal traveling down axon

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8
Q

myelin is laid down until what age?

A

25

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9
Q

do neurons touch each other?

A

no

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10
Q

whats the space called btwn neurons

A

synapse

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11
Q

idea that either the neuron fires or it does not - no part way firing is called what?
ex?

A

the all or none response/ principle

like a gun

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12
Q

steps of action potential #1

A

dendrites receive neurotransmitter from another neuron across synapse

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13
Q

step #2 of action potential after dendrites receive nerutransmitters

A

reached its threshold - the fires based on all or non response

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14
Q

step #3 of action potential after the neuron fires

A

opens up a portal axon, and lets in positive (sodium) which mix w/ negative ions (potassium) that are already inside the axon (thus neurons at rest have a slightly negative charge)

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15
Q

step #4 of action potential after ions are let in and out

A

mixing of + and - ions causes an electrical charge that opens the next portal letting in more K while closing the original portal

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16
Q

step #5 and 6 after more ion channels open

A

process continues down axon to the axon terminal
terminal buttons turn electrical charge into chemical (neurotransmitter) & shoots message to the next neuron across synapse

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17
Q

neurons that fire together…

A

wire together

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18
Q

___ speak, _____ listen

A

axon speaks

dendrites listen

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messangers released by terminal buttons through synapse

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20
Q

ACh stands for

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

function of ACh

A

motor movement & maybe memory

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22
Q

too much vs not enough ACh

A

too much = move (muscle contraction) too muchnot enough= can’t move

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23
Q

lack of ACh is linked to what disease?

A

Alzheimers disease

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24
Q

what kind of survey blocks ACh release

A

Botox

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25
Q

other issues with ACh? (3)

A

Botulim (think Botox)
-Antagonist for ACh (blocks release)
Black widow venom (makes heart pump too much)
-Agonist for ACh (too much now)
Curare (from plant, tip of dart and kills prey)
-Antagonist for ACh (blocks sites)

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26
Q

is botox permanent?

A

no

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27
Q

what 2 poisons block release of ACh what happens?

A

botulin
curare
causes paralysis

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28
Q

Function of dopamine

A

motor movement and alertness, “fell good”

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29
Q

lack of dopamine is associated with what?

overabundance is associated with?

A

parkinson’s disease (shake)

schizophrenia (hallucinations)

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30
Q

serotonin funciton

A

deals with mood control, appetite, sleep, learning

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31
Q

lack of serotonin is linked to what?

A

depression

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32
Q

what are antidepressants called ?

A

SSRI’s

selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors

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33
Q

endorphins function

A

deals w/ pain control

released to block pain signals

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34
Q

how does one become addicted to endorphins ?

A

become addicted to endorphin causing feelings

-morphine get endorphins somewhere else and brain doesn’t produce them -> overwhelming pain

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35
Q

endorphins and birth

A

child birth
-blocks pain signals
not as much pain w/ epidural

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36
Q

types of neurons

A

sensory neurons- feel paper, help us take in info from outside world
motor neurons- “catch” paper
interneurons- make decisions, send signals

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37
Q

sensory neurons aka? function? ex?

A

afferent neurons

  • take info from senses to brain
  • optic nerve
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38
Q

inter neurons function?

A

take messages from Sensory Neurons to other parts of the brain or to Motor Neurons (tell motor what to do)

39
Q

Motor Neurons aka? function?

A

efferent neurons

-take info from brain to rest of the body

40
Q

phantom limb

-how is pain experienced? -how is it fixed?

A

pain is experienced in the brain, even though there’s no limb
fix by medication or mirror box

41
Q

sympathetic nervous system divisions

A 
(flight or fight)
nervous system
-peripheral                               -central
-autonomic             -somatic
-sympathetic -parasympathetic
42
Q

autonomic

A

self-regulated action of internal organs and glands

43
Q

somatic

A

voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

44
Q

sympathetic vs para

A

s- arousing

p-calming

45
Q

cortex/gray matter

A

human behavior and thought

46
Q

white matter

A

carry info from 1 part to another

47
Q

brainstem

A

basic life function

48
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor movement and moral compass (decisions last to develop)

49
Q

Motor cortex

A

controls all movement

broca’s area -> form speech, left hemisphere

50
Q

sensory cortex

A

senses, touch

51
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex, vision

52
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing

53
Q

hippocampus

A

helps w/ memory, cant lay down memory w/o it, moment to moment

54
Q

amygdala

A

basic emotion, fear

55
Q

medulla

A

heartbeat and breathing

56
Q

reticular formation

A

general arousal , consciousness (linked to comas)

57
Q

basal ganglia

A

detail, holding pen/cutting scissors

fine motor movements & initiating movements

58
Q

thalamus

A

sensory switch board, senses come in -> send out

smell has direct link to brain, doesn’t go through

59
Q

hypothgalamus

A

thirst, hunger, body temp, (satiation)

60
Q

what side is broca’s area on?

A

left side of the brain

61
Q

CNS includes? surrounds it?

A

brain and spinal cord

encased in bone

62
Q

peripheral nervous system

description? includes? how divided?

A

all nerves that are NOT encased in bone
everything but brain and spinal cord
is divided into 2 categories (somatic & autonomic)

63
Q

ways to study the brain? less invasive ways to study brain?

A

accidents
brain bank
lesions

EEG
CAT
MRI
PET
fMRI
64
Q

accident example to study the brain

A

phineas gage

65
Q

what do they do at the brain bank?

A

ppl donate brains

take cross section of brains to tell what damage they had

66
Q

Lesions

def? ex? difference? another instance?

A

cutting into brain & looking for change
-rats brain & lesion hemisphere-> keeps eating
-humans overide frontal love, animals dont
brain tumors also lesion brain tissue (pushes on brain and causes behavior change)

67
Q

EEG

stands for? study? ex?

A

electroencephalogram
study the brain waves & patterns
-like when sleeping, tell what stage youre in

68
Q

CAT

stands for? what does it do? conclusion?

A

Computerized Axial Tomography

  • take picture of slices of brain -> 3D image, LESS DETAIL
  • can tell is there’s a tumor
69
Q

MRI

stands for? shows?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
-atoms spin like tops, detail soft-tissue…large filled areas & schizophrenia (large ventricle link to schizo., MRI’s show this
MORE DETAILED

70
Q

Pet

stands for?

A

Positron Emission Tomography
neurons, glucose, tools vs animals
(radioactive, where using energy? light yup when speaking -> broca’s)

71
Q

fMRI

stands for?

A

functional MRI

functions and structures…measures blood flow

72
Q

computers and cat whiskers

link to humans?

A

can tell which neuron fires

-link prosthetic hand & put electrodes in brain so u can feel false hand

73
Q

computers and lying?

A

lying-> anterior cingulate cortex lights up

74
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

heart rate breathing NOT ANGER

75
Q

pons

A

connects hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain together
involved in making facial expressions
bladder control
swallowing

76
Q

cerebellum

where? function? ex? damage?

A

located in back of our head means “little brain”
coordinates muscle movements
like tracking a target
damage (kim peak-> cerebellum destroyed -> crazy memory but cant do simple movements)
-hinders our ability to perform skilled movements

77
Q

midbrain

contains? experiment?

A

contains reticular formation: arousal and ability to focus attention
-stimulated cat woke up, unstimulated coma

78
Q

thalamus

location? function? comparison? ex?

A

in forebrain
receives sensory info and sends them to appropriates areas of forebrain
like switchboard
everything but smell

79
Q

limbic system

A

emotional control center of brain

made up of thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

80
Q

hypothalamus

size? experiment? regulates?

A

pea sized in brain but plays a not to pea sized role
body temp
hunger
thirst
sexual arousal (libido)
-rats put electrode in hypo. when stimulated went back to location it was in bc it was “rewarding”

81
Q

hippocampus

function? example of person without one?

A

involved in memory processing
(short term memory then goes to long term in brain lobes)
-clive wearing (ability to conduct bc it was a process via cerebellum but no memory) (diff pathways)

82
Q

amygdala

function? ex?

A

vital for basic emotions

-bad things happen to monkeys (plant electrode in aggressive animal in amyygdala to calm)

83
Q

how is the cerebral cortex divided?

A

divided into 8 lobes, 4 in each hemisphere (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)

84
Q

association areas

A

any area dealing with our senses or muscle movements

85
Q

frontal lobe

deals with? contains?

A

deals w/ planning, maintaining emotional control, and abstract thought
contains broca’s area
contains motor cortex

86
Q

broca’s area

location?

A

frontal lobe near motor cortex, process of speaking (physically making words, usually language in left hemisphere)

87
Q

brook’s aphasia

A

limit ability to speak

88
Q

motor cortex

how is each area split up? experiment? possibilities for what?

A

smallest features-> biggest devotion (fingers/mouth-> small features need precision, more space needed in motor cortex)
Jose and the fist (stimulated region in brain to close hand even though told to keep open)
prosthetic possibilities

89
Q

parietal lobe

location? contains?

A

located @ top of our head
contains somatosensory cortex
-(class activity) smaller areas-> sensory cortex more devoted
rest are association areas

90
Q

temporal lobe

job? contains?

A

process sound sensed by ears

contains wernickes area

91
Q

wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

pieces together sound and sight

92
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

difficulty understanding something written or speech

93
Q

occipital lobe

location? job? what’s also linked to another lobe as well?

A

located in back of our head
handles visual input from eyes
visual agnosia
-could also be linked to parietal lobes

94
Q

hemispheres

how divided? controlled how?

A

divided into left and right hemisphere

contralateral controlled- left controls right side of body and vice versa

Psychology (6 decks)

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