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EPPP > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

schemata/schemas

A

-networks of info that are based on our previous persona and social experiences and help us process and organize info

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2
Q

Prototypes

A

-consist of knowledge about the most representative or ideal example

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3
Q

Scripts

A

“event schemas”

-provide knowledge about the appropriate sequence of behaviors in specific situations

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4
Q

central traits

A

-certain traits that influence impressions more than others (e.g., a warm intelligent person vs. cold intelligent person)

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5
Q

The social context and impression formation

A

-study: pseudopatients admit themselves in a mental hospital, they stopped faking symptoms, but were all dx with schizoprhenia

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6
Q

Fundamental Attribution Bias

A
  • about others
  • when we emphasize impact of internal/dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors regarding an outcome
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7
Q

Actor Observer effect

A
  • 2 people

- we attribute situational factors to our own behavior and dispositional to others behavior

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8
Q

Self-serving bias

A
  • involves the self
  • tendency to attribute dispositional factors to positive feedback and situational factors to when consequence is negative
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9
Q

representative heuristic

A

-judgment about the likelihood that something belongs to a category due to similarity of belonging to the category while ignoring base rate/probability data

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10
Q

availability heuristic

A
  • judging the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easy it is to retrieve information
  • ex: cause of death asthma vs. firearms
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11
Q

simulation heuristic

A

-because you can imagine something….you predict it is more likely to happen

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12
Q

anchoring/adjustment heuristic

A

-using an initial value or anchor as the basis for making a judgment

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13
Q

base rate fallacy

A

-tendency to rely on case specific information and ignore base rate data

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14
Q

confirmation bias

A

-paying attn to info that confirm’s one’s beliefs and ignore info that doesn’t

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15
Q

illusory correlation

A
  • belief that two characteristics are related when they are not
  • belief that people in the city are rude
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16
Q

false consensus effect

A

-overestimate the degree to which beliefs of others are similar to our own

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17
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

-tendency to believe that the likelihood of a particular chance event is affected by the occurrence of previous events

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18
Q

Anxiety and affiliation

A

-Anxious people prefer to be around other anxious people or alone

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19
Q

gender differences in affiliation

A

women spend more time than men engaged in conversation, more likely to talk to people of the same sex, and may affiliate more than men do in public places

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20
Q

law of attraction

A

attracted to people who are more similar to ourselves

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21
Q

gain-loss effect

A

-when a person’s change in opinion is gradual and reflects a true change of heart-attraction is maximized when this occurrs

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22
Q

emotion-in-relationship

A
  • proposes that there is a innate mechanism that generates emotion whenever a partner engages in behaviors that violate expectations and disrupt ongoing sequences of behavior
  • proposes positive emotions are more intense in the beginning of a relationship
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23
Q

social exchange theory

A

-predicts that the decision to leave a relationship depends on the relationship’s cost and rewards (may be more predictive of relationship with strangers than family members and close friends)

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24
Q

equity theory

A

our perception of equity in a relationship is more important than the absolute magnitude of the inputs (contributions or costs_

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25
Q

Barnum effect

A

-tendency for people to accept general or vague descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves (horoscopes)

26
Q

self perception theory

A
  • Bem
  • when internal cues are insufficient or difficult to interpret, people acquire info about themselves by observing their external behaviors and/or the context in which those behaviors occur
  • argue there are no physiological differences between emotions and the perception of emotion
27
Q

overjustification hypthesis

A

-when external rewards are given for an intrinsically rewarding activity, intrinsic interest decreases

28
Q

social comparison theory

A

the innate drive to evaluate your own opinions and behaviors by comparing to others
-more often involves people who are similar

29
Q

self verification theory

A
  • people tend to pay attention more to information that is consistent with their self-concept and prefer to interact with others who will confirm that
  • higher levels of commitment when someone with a negative self-view is in a relationship in which their partner confirms self-view
30
Q

self monitoring

A

-need or ability to manage impressions that others form of them (“public self”)

31
Q

self handicapping

A

-when people attempt to protect their self-esteem and public image by engaging in behaviors that will provide them with an excuse for an anticipated failure

32
Q

self efficacy

A

Bandura

-a person’s sense of competence and effectiveness

33
Q

locus of control

A

internal-outcomes are controlled by their decisions and behaviros
external-outcomes are controlled by luck, other people, or the situation

34
Q

hardiness

A

3 characteristics:

  1. commitment-sense of purpose and involvement
  2. challenge-openness to new experiences and change
  3. control-belief that one has the ability to influence or manage life events
35
Q

autokinetic effect

A
  • used to study conformity to social norms-a stationary light appears to move in a darkened room
  • people generally conformed to what others said (convergence effect)
36
Q

foot in the door

A

compliance

ask for a small request and then make a larger request

37
Q

door in the foot

A

make a large request and then if rejected make a smaller request

38
Q

obedience to authority-what mattered in Milgram study

A

Milgram experiments

  • proximity-closer the learner was to the teacher, the less likely the teacher was to obey the experimenter
  • teachers were even less willing to deliver shocks when experimenter demands were over the phone
  • 84% stated they were glad to have participated
39
Q

3 types of responses to social influcene

A
  1. Compliance: change behavior to obtain a reward or avoid punishment
  2. Identification: change behavior because they want to be liked (change may not always be maintained)
  3. Internalization: changes because they accept the belief or attitude of another person
40
Q

Differences in complying with minority vs. majority

A

majority: to avoid punishment or be liked

minority-because beliefs are being re-evaluated

41
Q

psychological reactance theory

A

Brehm’s

-if personal freedom feels like it is lost, a person may respond by acting in a way that is the opposite

42
Q

Power and ability to influence others

A
  • the more varied an individual’s source of power, the greater influence
  • for supervisors in mental health-expert and referent
43
Q

which types of power lead to most superficial response

A

reward and coercive

44
Q

which types of power are most likely to produce internalization

A

expert, legitimate, and informational

45
Q

attitudes are good predictors of behavior when what

theory of planned behavior

A

when attitude is measured by

  1. behavioral intention
  2. what the person believes other people think he should do
  3. person’s perceived behavioral control
46
Q

Factors that influence attitude change

A
  • high credible communicators (trustworthiness)
  • level of discrepancy b/t ppl is moderate
  • order of presentation
  • accidental messages (messages that are overheard)
  • fear arousal
  • when the audience has low intelligence, is low or high in SE, and in teens or early 20s
47
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A
  • when ppl have two competing cognitions, they experience discomfort, which they attempt to relieve using one of several methods
  • experiment-when paid less to convince that an activity was interesting-these participants rated it as more interesting than those that were paid more
48
Q

Balance theory and attitude change

A
  • focuses on relationship between 3 entities (a person, another person, and an idea/event)
  • if there is imbalance then a person’s attitude toward the idea or person may change
49
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

postulates that persuasion occurrs in 2 ways:

  1. central route: systemic processing (motivation is high) and the extent of change depends on the quality
  2. peripheral route: relies on mental shortcuts and change depends on the quantity
50
Q

Social Judgment Theory-evaluating persuasive messages

A

-proposes that we have 3 categories of judgment that we use to evaluate persuasive messages:
1. latitude of acceptance
2. latitude of non-commitment
3. latitude of rejection
the size of each depends on ego the more ego = larger lat of rej and smaller lat of accept and non-commitment

51
Q

attitude inoculation

A
  • postulates that we are able to resist persuasion when we’ve been inoculated against it
  • best way to be inoculated is to be given a mild argument agaisnt
52
Q

best strategy to enhance group participation

A

superordinate goals

53
Q

jigsaw method of learning

A
  • Members of a group are responsible for teaching other members
  • reduces ethnic stereotyping and increased academic achievement (slightly more for minorities)
54
Q

factors that influence bystander intervention

A

willingness to intervene increases when:

  • situation is non-ambiguous
  • sense of resp for the victim
  • one other person has intervened
  • envir is not crowded
55
Q

field theory

A

Lewin

-human behavior is always a function of the person and the physical and social environment

56
Q

4 types of intraindividual conflict

A
  1. approach-approach: choose b/t two positive options
  2. avoidance-avoidance: choose b/t two negative options
  3. approach-avoidance: when a goal has positive and negative qualities (when move closer to goal-avoidance becomes stronger and vice versa)
  4. double approach-avoidance
57
Q

Zeigarnik effect

A

Lewin

-memory of uncompleted tasks seems to be better than for completed tasks

58
Q

What environmental factors influence mental health

A
  • Air pollution-decreased cog performance and sensitivity to social cues
  • High temps-increased frustration, aggressiveness, risk
  • Noxious or Excessive Noise-irritability, stress, low concentration, aggressiveness (effects are reduced when people believe they can control)
59
Q

Effects of crowding on mental/cognitive health

A

affects performance on complex tasks
poor acad performance
juvenile delinquency
higher mortality rates

positive effects
preference for high density f’ball games, concerts, laugh more in movie theatre

60
Q

What factors contribute to effects of crowding

A

perception of control
depends on individual’s need for personal space
Americans, ppl with low se, or high in authoritarianism, and men require more personal space

61
Q

when a person’s internal motivation decreases when provided with an external reinforcement

A

over-justification hypothesis

EPPP (11 decks)

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