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Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

schemata/schemas

A

-networks of info that are based on our previous persona and social experiences and help us process and organize info

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2
Q

Prototypes

A

-consist of knowledge about the most representative or ideal example

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3
Q

Scripts

A

“event schemas”

-provide knowledge about the appropriate sequence of behaviors in specific situations

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4
Q

central traits

A

-certain traits that influence impressions more than others (e.g., a warm intelligent person vs. cold intelligent person)

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5
Q

The social context and impression formation

A

-study: pseudopatients admit themselves in a mental hospital, they stopped faking symptoms, but were all dx with schizoprhenia

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6
Q

Fundamental Attribution Bias

A
  • about others
  • when we emphasize impact of internal/dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors regarding an outcome
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7
Q

Actor Observer effect

A
  • 2 people

- we attribute situational factors to our own behavior and dispositional to others behavior

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8
Q

Self-serving bias

A
  • involves the self
  • tendency to attribute dispositional factors to positive feedback and situational factors to when consequence is negative
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9
Q

representative heuristic

A

-judgment about the likelihood that something belongs to a category due to similarity of belonging to the category while ignoring base rate/probability data

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10
Q

availability heuristic

A
  • judging the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easy it is to retrieve information
  • ex: cause of death asthma vs. firearms
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11
Q

simulation heuristic

A

-because you can imagine something….you predict it is more likely to happen

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12
Q

anchoring/adjustment heuristic

A

-using an initial value or anchor as the basis for making a judgment

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13
Q

base rate fallacy

A

-tendency to rely on case specific information and ignore base rate data

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14
Q

confirmation bias

A

-paying attn to info that confirm’s one’s beliefs and ignore info that doesn’t

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15
Q

illusory correlation

A
  • belief that two characteristics are related when they are not
  • belief that people in the city are rude
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16
Q

false consensus effect

A

-overestimate the degree to which beliefs of others are similar to our own

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17
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

-tendency to believe that the likelihood of a particular chance event is affected by the occurrence of previous events

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18
Q

Anxiety and affiliation

A

-Anxious people prefer to be around other anxious people or alone

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19
Q

gender differences in affiliation

A

women spend more time than men engaged in conversation, more likely to talk to people of the same sex, and may affiliate more than men do in public places

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20
Q

law of attraction

A

attracted to people who are more similar to ourselves

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21
Q

gain-loss effect

A

-when a person’s change in opinion is gradual and reflects a true change of heart-attraction is maximized when this occurrs

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22
Q

emotion-in-relationship

A
  • proposes that there is a innate mechanism that generates emotion whenever a partner engages in behaviors that violate expectations and disrupt ongoing sequences of behavior
  • proposes positive emotions are more intense in the beginning of a relationship
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23
Q

social exchange theory

A

-predicts that the decision to leave a relationship depends on the relationship’s cost and rewards (may be more predictive of relationship with strangers than family members and close friends)

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24
Q

equity theory

A

our perception of equity in a relationship is more important than the absolute magnitude of the inputs (contributions or costs_

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25
Barnum effect
-tendency for people to accept general or vague descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves (horoscopes)
26
self perception theory
- Bem - when internal cues are insufficient or difficult to interpret, people acquire info about themselves by observing their external behaviors and/or the context in which those behaviors occur - argue there are no physiological differences between emotions and the perception of emotion
27
overjustification hypthesis
-when external rewards are given for an intrinsically rewarding activity, intrinsic interest decreases
28
social comparison theory
the innate drive to evaluate your own opinions and behaviors by comparing to others -more often involves people who are similar
29
self verification theory
- people tend to pay attention more to information that is consistent with their self-concept and prefer to interact with others who will confirm that - higher levels of commitment when someone with a negative self-view is in a relationship in which their partner confirms self-view
30
self monitoring
-need or ability to manage impressions that others form of them ("public self")
31
self handicapping
-when people attempt to protect their self-esteem and public image by engaging in behaviors that will provide them with an excuse for an anticipated failure
32
self efficacy
Bandura | -a person's sense of competence and effectiveness
33
locus of control
internal-outcomes are controlled by their decisions and behaviros external-outcomes are controlled by luck, other people, or the situation
34
hardiness
3 characteristics: 1. commitment-sense of purpose and involvement 2. challenge-openness to new experiences and change 3. control-belief that one has the ability to influence or manage life events
35
autokinetic effect
- used to study conformity to social norms-a stationary light appears to move in a darkened room - people generally conformed to what others said (convergence effect)
36
foot in the door
compliance | ask for a small request and then make a larger request
37
door in the foot
make a large request and then if rejected make a smaller request
38
obedience to authority-what mattered in Milgram study
Milgram experiments - proximity-closer the learner was to the teacher, the less likely the teacher was to obey the experimenter - teachers were even less willing to deliver shocks when experimenter demands were over the phone - 84% stated they were glad to have participated
39
3 types of responses to social influcene
1. Compliance: change behavior to obtain a reward or avoid punishment 2. Identification: change behavior because they want to be liked (change may not always be maintained) 3. Internalization: changes because they accept the belief or attitude of another person
40
Differences in complying with minority vs. majority
majority: to avoid punishment or be liked | minority-because beliefs are being re-evaluated
41
psychological reactance theory
Brehm's | -if personal freedom feels like it is lost, a person may respond by acting in a way that is the opposite
42
Power and ability to influence others
- the more varied an individual's source of power, the greater influence - for supervisors in mental health-expert and referent
43
which types of power lead to most superficial response
reward and coercive
44
which types of power are most likely to produce internalization
expert, legitimate, and informational
45
attitudes are good predictors of behavior when what | theory of planned behavior
when attitude is measured by 1. behavioral intention 2. what the person believes other people think he should do 3. person's perceived behavioral control
46
Factors that influence attitude change
- high credible communicators (trustworthiness) - level of discrepancy b/t ppl is moderate - order of presentation - accidental messages (messages that are overheard) - fear arousal - when the audience has low intelligence, is low or high in SE, and in teens or early 20s
47
cognitive dissonance theory
- when ppl have two competing cognitions, they experience discomfort, which they attempt to relieve using one of several methods - experiment-when paid less to convince that an activity was interesting-these participants rated it as more interesting than those that were paid more
48
Balance theory and attitude change
- focuses on relationship between 3 entities (a person, another person, and an idea/event) - if there is imbalance then a person's attitude toward the idea or person may change
49
Elaboration Likelihood Model
postulates that persuasion occurrs in 2 ways: 1. central route: systemic processing (motivation is high) and the extent of change depends on the quality 2. peripheral route: relies on mental shortcuts and change depends on the quantity
50
Social Judgment Theory-evaluating persuasive messages
-proposes that we have 3 categories of judgment that we use to evaluate persuasive messages: 1. latitude of acceptance 2. latitude of non-commitment 3. latitude of rejection the size of each depends on ego the more ego = larger lat of rej and smaller lat of accept and non-commitment
51
attitude inoculation
- postulates that we are able to resist persuasion when we've been inoculated against it - best way to be inoculated is to be given a mild argument agaisnt
52
best strategy to enhance group participation
superordinate goals
53
jigsaw method of learning
- Members of a group are responsible for teaching other members - reduces ethnic stereotyping and increased academic achievement (slightly more for minorities)
54
factors that influence bystander intervention
willingness to intervene increases when: - situation is non-ambiguous - sense of resp for the victim - one other person has intervened - envir is not crowded
55
field theory
Lewin | -human behavior is always a function of the person and the physical and social environment
56
4 types of intraindividual conflict
1. approach-approach: choose b/t two positive options 2. avoidance-avoidance: choose b/t two negative options 3. approach-avoidance: when a goal has positive and negative qualities (when move closer to goal-avoidance becomes stronger and vice versa) 4. double approach-avoidance
57
Zeigarnik effect
Lewin | -memory of uncompleted tasks seems to be better than for completed tasks
58
What environmental factors influence mental health
- Air pollution-decreased cog performance and sensitivity to social cues - High temps-increased frustration, aggressiveness, risk - Noxious or Excessive Noise-irritability, stress, low concentration, aggressiveness (effects are reduced when people believe they can control)
59
Effects of crowding on mental/cognitive health
affects performance on complex tasks poor acad performance juvenile delinquency higher mortality rates positive effects preference for high density f'ball games, concerts, laugh more in movie theatre
60
What factors contribute to effects of crowding
perception of control depends on individual's need for personal space Americans, ppl with low se, or high in authoritarianism, and men require more personal space
61
when a person's internal motivation decreases when provided with an external reinforcement
over-justification hypothesis

EPPP (11 decks)

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