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Physio & Psychopharm Flashcards

1
Q

Aphasia

A

Impaired language production and/or comprehension due to damage

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2
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Damage to the Frontal lobe

Symptoms:

  • difficulty producing language
  • speaking slowly
  • anomia (inability to name a common object)
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3
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Damage to the Temporal lobe

Symptoms:

  • difficulty understanding written and spoken language -difficulty generating meaningful language
  • anomia & paraphasia

-Often person is unaware of their symtpoms

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4
Q

Conduction (Associative) Aphasia

A

Damage to Arcuate Fasciculus (connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas)

Symptoms:

  • Anomia
  • paraphasia
  • impaired repetition

Does not significantly affect language comprehension

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5
Q

Transcortical Aphasia

A

Caused by lesions outside Broca’s (trans motor aphasia) and Wernicke’s (trans sensory aphasia)

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6
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Caused from widespread brain injury

Person can only say a few words and produce automatic speech

Accompanied by loss of vision

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7
Q

James Lange Theory

A

Emotion is due to bodily reactions to sensory stimuli

(e.g., you feel afraid b/c your knees are shaking)

Research support from studies on parapleagics and quadriplegics

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8
Q

Cannon Bard Theory

A

Emotional and bodily reactions occur simultaneously

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9
Q

Two Factor Theory/Schachter-Singer Theory

A

Emotion is the result of
physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation of the arousal and the environment in which it occurs

Emotion -> Arousal -> look for cues in environment

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10
Q

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

A

Lazarus

emotions are universal but differ in how emotionally arousing events are interpreted or appraised

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11
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

body’s physiological reaction to stress-3 stages:

Alarm: adrenaline released; increased glucose, hrt rate, & respiration

Resistance: if stress persists-breath and hrt rate return to normal; but, cortisol is released

Exhaustion: fatigue, depression, illness

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12
Q

Papez’s Circut

A

Neural mechanisms that mediate the experience and expression of emotion

Hippocampus, Mammillary bodies, Anterior nuclei, Cingulated gyrus

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13
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Sex related differences in the brain’s physical properties

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14
Q

How is REM represented for infants

A

50% of the time for newborns
30% at 6 months
20% in adults

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15
Q

Stages of sleep and corresponding waves

A

1-Alpha waves are replaced by Theta waves

2-Theta waves predominate and are interrupted by spindles & K complexes

3-Slow Delta waves

4-Delta waves

5-REM sleep (vivid & elaborate dreams)

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16
Q

Waves for sleep stages

A

Beta-Alert

Alpha-Awake, rested, relaxed

Theta-deep relax/light sleep

Delta-deep sleep

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17
Q

How is severity of a TBI determined

A

Glasgow Coma Scale
Duration of post-traumatic amnesia (relates to recovery of abilities)
Duration of loss of consciousness

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18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter

causes muscles to contract

involved in REM sleep & learning and memory, and regulates sleep/wake cycle

Underlies memory deficits in Alzheimer’s

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19
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter

involved in personality, mood, memory, sleep, regulation of movement

Tourette’s d/o: too much dopamine

Parkinson’s d/o: not enough dopamine

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20
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter

involved in mood, attention, dreaming, & learning

Catecholamine hypothesis-predicts depression is due to low levels of norpinephrine

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21
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter

involved in mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sexual activity, arousal, sleep, and migraines

High levels: Schizophrenia, Autism, Anorexia
Low levels: Aggression, depression, suicide, Bulimia, PTSD, OCD

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22
Q

GABA

A

neurotransmitter

involved in eating, seizures, anxiety disorders, motor control, vision, and sleep

low levels: Anxiety d/o and Huntington’s disease

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23
Q

Glutmate

A

neurotransmitter

involved in learning, memory, long-term potentiation

high levels: seizures, stroke, Huntington’s, & Alzheimer’s Disease

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24
Q

Endorphins

A

Inhibitory neuromodulators that lower the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters
Have analgesic properties

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25
Development of the CNS (5 Stages)
``` Proliferation Migration Differentiation Myelination Synaptogenesis ```
26
Frontal Lobe
Execution of movement (primary motor cortex) Controlling movement (supplementary motor area; premotor cortex) Speech (Broca's area) Emotion, memory, attention, self-awareness (prefrontal cortex)
27
Parietal Lobe
Contains the somatosensory cortex | involved in pressure, temperature, pain, proprioception, gustation
28
Temporal Lobe
Memory functions: Encoding, retrieval, storage Auditory cortex & Wernicke's area Lesions produce auditory agnosia & hallucinations
29
Occipital lobe
visual cortex
30
Hindbrain
contains the following structures: Pons-connects halves of the cerebellum Medulla: regulates flow of info b/t the brain and spinal cord; damage is fatal Cerebellum: balance, posture, timing of movement
31
Midbrain
Contains the following structures: Superior/Inferior Colliculi: routes for visual and auditory info RAS: consciousness, arousal, & wakefulness Substantia Nigra: motor activity & reward system
32
Thalamus
Part of the forebrain Motor activity, language, memory Acts as a relay station and transmits incoming sensory info (except olfaction)
33
Hypothalamus
Part of the forebrain Hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temp, movement, emotional reactions Damage-may result in uncontrollable laughing or intense rage
34
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
part of the hypothalamus mediates sleep-wake cycle; circadian rhythm may play a role in SAD
35
Basal Ganglia
Planning, organizing, coordinating voluntary movement, amplitude and direction of movement May play a role in Huntingtons, Parkinsons, Tourettes, OCD, & ADHD
36
Amygdala
coordinator and director of motivational and emotional activities attaches emotion to memory, flashbulb memories, classically cond. responses
37
Hippocampus
learning and memory | converting STM to LTM
38
Cingulate Cortex
Attention, emotion, perception, and subjective experience of pain Surrounds the corpus callosum
39
Contralateral representation
Left hemisphere controls right side of body and vice versa | Olfaction is an exception
40
What functions dominate each hemisphere?
Left dominated: spoken language, logical & analytical thinking There are gender differences
41
At a neural level, how are memories formed?
There is greater responsivity of post synaptic neurons to lower intensity of stimulation Dendrites change in # and shape Inhibiting synthesis of RNA can prevent formation of LTM
42
Theories of vision and color
1) Young-Helmholtz: 3 cones are receptive to a primary color | 2) Hering's: opponent process theory-3 bipolar receptors
43
Colorblindness
more common among males red/green when inherited-caused by gene on X chromosome
44
Dermatome
Area of the body that is innervated by the dorsal root of a given segment
45
Gate Control Theory
The nervous system can only process a certain amount of stimuli The spinal cord acts as a gate if it is receiving too much info
46
Synesthesia
"joining senses" stimulation of one sensory modality triggers another sensory modality ex: hear a color
47
Webers Law (psychophysical law)
the more intense the stimulus, the greater increase in stimulus intensity to produce (just noticeable difference)
48
Fechner's Law (psychophysical law)
applies magnitude to Webers law; a person's experience of stimulus intensity increases arithmetically as the stimulus intensity increases geogemetrically
49
Steven's Power Law (psychophysical law)
for extreme intensities; sensation is an exponential function of stimulus intensity
50
Apraxia
parietal lobe damage | inability to perform skilled motor movements
51
Gerstmann's Syndrome
finger agnsoia right-left confusion agraphia acaluclia
52
Drugs associated with Acetylcholine
``` Called Cholinesterase inhibitors-for memory Tacrine Donepezil Glantamine Rivastigmine ```
53
Seizures
``` 2 types: Generalized: affect both sides of the brain -tonic clonic & Absence (petit mal) Partial: begin on one side of the brain -partial seizures ```
54
Drugs: Agonists
produce effects similar to the neurotransmitter
55
Drugs: Inverse Agonists
produce opposite effect of the neurotransmitter
56
Drugs: Partial Agonists
produce effects similar to neurotransmitter-but less intense
57
Drugs: Antagonists
reduce or block effects of neurotransmitter
58
Traditional Antipsychotic Drugs
phenothiazine, thioxanthene, butyrophenone - used for psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia - less effective for negative symptoms side effects: anticholinergic effects, muscle spasms, tardive dyskinesia
59
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs
dibenzodiazepine, benzisoxazole, thienobenzoadiazepine, dibenzothiazepine - used for psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (that hasn't responded to mood stabilizer), depression, motor symptoms of Huntingtons & Park - less severe side effects but slower to work
60
Tricyclics
Antidepressant drugs - amitriptyline, nortriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, & clomipramine - most effective for vegetative, somatic symptoms - takes 2-4 weeks - block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or dopamine
61
SSRI's
Antidepressants - fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline - most effective for melancholic features, OCD, Bulimia, Panic, and PTSD - block reuptake of serotonin - less side effects compared to tricyclics
62
MAOI's
Antidepressants - isocarboxazld, phenelzine, and tranylcypromine - most effective for atypical depression features - it inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase which deactivates dopamine, norepinephrine, & serotonin - side effects, need to avoid foods containing tyramine (aged cheeses, meats, beer, wine, fava beans, avocado, soy sauce)
63
Newer Antidepressants
NDRIs- Bupropion (Wellbutrin)-a norepinephrine & dopamine reuptake inhibitor -effective for MDD, depressive phase of bipolar SNRIs-Venlafaxine (Effexor) & Duloxetine (Cymbalta) serotonin & norepinephrie reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) -effective for MDD, GAD, SA, OCD, fibromyalgia, headaches, back pain
64
Mood Stabilizing Drugs
Lithium-effective for classic bipolar symtpoms - temp gastrointestinal side effects - toxicity is a concern - patients are told to avoid caffeine, alcohol, and diuretics Carbamazepine-Tegretol, Depakote, Klonapin - effective for rapid cyclers - not good for patients with cardiovascualr issues
65
Barbiturates
amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital | -interrupt impulses to Reticular activating system
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Benzos
anxiolytics-most commonly prescribed - diazepam, alprazolam, oxazepam, triazolam, chlordiazepozide, lorazepam - stimulates inhibitory action of GABA - effective for anxiety, sleep, seizures, cerebral plasy - withdrawal symptoms can be severe - new anxiolytic--busiprone
67
Hormone Replacement Therapy helps
hot flashes mood swings reduces risk for osteoporosis
68
"pill rolling" a hand tremor is associated with what
Parkinson's disease
69
the left temporal lobe is associated with
verbal memory and audition
70
this is associated with difficulty regulating the rate, rhythm, pitch, & loudness of speech
dysprosody
71
This can be a side effect of medication that is caused by a failure of the bone marrow to produce sufficient white blood cells and increases body's susceptibility to infection
Agranlocytosis
72
relationship between REM sleep and dreaming
most dreaming occurs during REM and dreams during non REM are less vivid and elaborate and more realistic
73
brain lateraliation for language is most evident
in the first year of life
74
Presbyopia
near vision
75
damage to the lumbar or sacral would result in
loss of functioning in the hips and legs
76
damage to the cervical level results in
Quadriplegia (arms and legs)
77
damage to the thoracic level
paraplegia (legs)
78
partial seizures in the temporal lobe are most likely to cause
feeling of deja vu
79
Apraxia
inability to perform skilled movements that is not due to muscle weakness, loss of motor concentration, etc.
80
Akathisia
motor restlessness
81
conscious perception of odors
oribital frontal cortex
82
olfactory memory
amygdala
83
prosopagnosia is due to
lesions in the junction of the occipital, temporal, & parietal

EPPP (11 decks)

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