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EPPP > Physio & Psychopharm > Flashcards

Physio & Psychopharm Flashcards

1
Q

Aphasia

A

Impaired language production and/or comprehension due to damage

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2
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Damage to the Frontal lobe

Symptoms:

  • difficulty producing language
  • speaking slowly
  • anomia (inability to name a common object)
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3
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Damage to the Temporal lobe

Symptoms:

  • difficulty understanding written and spoken language -difficulty generating meaningful language
  • anomia & paraphasia

-Often person is unaware of their symtpoms

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4
Q

Conduction (Associative) Aphasia

A

Damage to Arcuate Fasciculus (connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas)

Symptoms:

  • Anomia
  • paraphasia
  • impaired repetition

Does not significantly affect language comprehension

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5
Q

Transcortical Aphasia

A

Caused by lesions outside Broca’s (trans motor aphasia) and Wernicke’s (trans sensory aphasia)

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6
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Caused from widespread brain injury

Person can only say a few words and produce automatic speech

Accompanied by loss of vision

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7
Q

James Lange Theory

A

Emotion is due to bodily reactions to sensory stimuli

(e.g., you feel afraid b/c your knees are shaking)

Research support from studies on parapleagics and quadriplegics

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8
Q

Cannon Bard Theory

A

Emotional and bodily reactions occur simultaneously

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9
Q

Two Factor Theory/Schachter-Singer Theory

A

Emotion is the result of
physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation of the arousal and the environment in which it occurs

Emotion -> Arousal -> look for cues in environment

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10
Q

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

A

Lazarus

emotions are universal but differ in how emotionally arousing events are interpreted or appraised

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11
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

body’s physiological reaction to stress-3 stages:

Alarm: adrenaline released; increased glucose, hrt rate, & respiration

Resistance: if stress persists-breath and hrt rate return to normal; but, cortisol is released

Exhaustion: fatigue, depression, illness

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12
Q

Papez’s Circut

A

Neural mechanisms that mediate the experience and expression of emotion

Hippocampus, Mammillary bodies, Anterior nuclei, Cingulated gyrus

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13
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Sex related differences in the brain’s physical properties

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14
Q

How is REM represented for infants

A

50% of the time for newborns
30% at 6 months
20% in adults

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15
Q

Stages of sleep and corresponding waves

A

1-Alpha waves are replaced by Theta waves

2-Theta waves predominate and are interrupted by spindles & K complexes

3-Slow Delta waves

4-Delta waves

5-REM sleep (vivid & elaborate dreams)

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16
Q

Waves for sleep stages

A

Beta-Alert

Alpha-Awake, rested, relaxed

Theta-deep relax/light sleep

Delta-deep sleep

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17
Q

How is severity of a TBI determined

A

Glasgow Coma Scale
Duration of post-traumatic amnesia (relates to recovery of abilities)
Duration of loss of consciousness

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18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter

causes muscles to contract

involved in REM sleep & learning and memory, and regulates sleep/wake cycle

Underlies memory deficits in Alzheimer’s

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19
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter

involved in personality, mood, memory, sleep, regulation of movement

Tourette’s d/o: too much dopamine

Parkinson’s d/o: not enough dopamine

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20
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter

involved in mood, attention, dreaming, & learning

Catecholamine hypothesis-predicts depression is due to low levels of norpinephrine

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21
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter

involved in mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sexual activity, arousal, sleep, and migraines

High levels: Schizophrenia, Autism, Anorexia
Low levels: Aggression, depression, suicide, Bulimia, PTSD, OCD

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22
Q

GABA

A

neurotransmitter

involved in eating, seizures, anxiety disorders, motor control, vision, and sleep

low levels: Anxiety d/o and Huntington’s disease

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23
Q

Glutmate

A

neurotransmitter

involved in learning, memory, long-term potentiation

high levels: seizures, stroke, Huntington’s, & Alzheimer’s Disease

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24
Q

Endorphins

A

Inhibitory neuromodulators that lower the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters
Have analgesic properties

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25
Q

Development of the CNS (5 Stages)

A 
Proliferation
Migration
Differentiation
Myelination
Synaptogenesis
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26
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Execution of movement (primary motor cortex)
Controlling movement (supplementary motor area; premotor cortex)
Speech (Broca’s area)
Emotion, memory, attention, self-awareness (prefrontal cortex)

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27
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Contains the somatosensory cortex

involved in pressure, temperature, pain, proprioception, gustation

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28
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Memory functions: Encoding, retrieval, storage
Auditory cortex & Wernicke’s area
Lesions produce auditory agnosia & hallucinations

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29
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

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30
Q

Hindbrain

A

contains the following structures:
Pons-connects halves of the cerebellum
Medulla: regulates flow of info b/t the brain and spinal cord; damage is fatal
Cerebellum: balance, posture, timing of movement

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31
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains the following structures:
Superior/Inferior Colliculi: routes for visual and auditory info
RAS: consciousness, arousal, & wakefulness
Substantia Nigra: motor activity & reward system

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32
Q

Thalamus

A

Part of the forebrain
Motor activity, language, memory
Acts as a relay station and transmits incoming sensory info (except olfaction)

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33
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the forebrain
Hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temp, movement, emotional reactions
Damage-may result in uncontrollable laughing or intense rage

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34
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

part of the hypothalamus
mediates sleep-wake cycle; circadian rhythm
may play a role in SAD

35
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Planning, organizing, coordinating voluntary movement, amplitude and direction of movement
May play a role in Huntingtons, Parkinsons, Tourettes, OCD, & ADHD

36
Q

Amygdala

A

coordinator and director of motivational and emotional activities
attaches emotion to memory, flashbulb memories, classically cond. responses

37
Q

Hippocampus

A

learning and memory

converting STM to LTM

38
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Attention, emotion, perception, and subjective experience of pain
Surrounds the corpus callosum

39
Q

Contralateral representation

A

Left hemisphere controls right side of body and vice versa

Olfaction is an exception

40
Q

What functions dominate each hemisphere?

A

Left dominated: spoken language, logical & analytical thinking
There are gender differences

41
Q

At a neural level, how are memories formed?

A

There is greater responsivity of post synaptic neurons to lower intensity of stimulation
Dendrites change in # and shape
Inhibiting synthesis of RNA can prevent formation of LTM

42
Q

Theories of vision and color

A

1) Young-Helmholtz: 3 cones are receptive to a primary color

2) Hering’s: opponent process theory-3 bipolar receptors

43
Q

Colorblindness

A

more common among males
red/green
when inherited-caused by gene on X chromosome

44
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of the body that is innervated by the dorsal root of a given segment

45
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

The nervous system can only process a certain amount of stimuli
The spinal cord acts as a gate if it is receiving too much info

46
Q

Synesthesia

A

“joining senses”
stimulation of one sensory modality triggers another sensory modality
ex: hear a color

47
Q

Webers Law (psychophysical law)

A

the more intense the stimulus, the greater increase in stimulus intensity to produce (just noticeable difference)

48
Q

Fechner’s Law (psychophysical law)

A

applies magnitude to Webers law; a person’s experience of stimulus intensity increases arithmetically as the stimulus intensity increases geogemetrically

49
Q

Steven’s Power Law (psychophysical law)

A

for extreme intensities; sensation is an exponential function of stimulus intensity

50
Q

Apraxia

A

parietal lobe damage

inability to perform skilled motor movements

51
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A

finger agnsoia
right-left confusion
agraphia
acaluclia

52
Q

Drugs associated with Acetylcholine

A 
Called Cholinesterase inhibitors-for memory
Tacrine
Donepezil
Glantamine
Rivastigmine
53
Q

Seizures

A 
2 types:
Generalized: affect both sides of the brain
-tonic clonic & Absence (petit mal) 
Partial: begin on one side of the brain 
-partial seizures
54
Q

Drugs: Agonists

A

produce effects similar to the neurotransmitter

55
Q

Drugs: Inverse Agonists

A

produce opposite effect of the neurotransmitter

56
Q

Drugs: Partial Agonists

A

produce effects similar to neurotransmitter-but less intense

57
Q

Drugs: Antagonists

A

reduce or block effects of neurotransmitter

58
Q

Traditional Antipsychotic Drugs

A

phenothiazine, thioxanthene, butyrophenone

  • used for psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia
  • less effective for negative symptoms

side effects: anticholinergic effects, muscle spasms, tardive dyskinesia

59
Q

Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs

A

dibenzodiazepine, benzisoxazole, thienobenzoadiazepine, dibenzothiazepine

  • used for psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (that hasn’t responded to mood stabilizer), depression, motor symptoms of Huntingtons & Park
  • less severe side effects but slower to work
60
Q

Tricyclics

A

Antidepressant drugs

  • amitriptyline, nortriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, & clomipramine
  • most effective for vegetative, somatic symptoms
  • takes 2-4 weeks
  • block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or dopamine
61
Q

SSRI’s

A

Antidepressants

  • fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline
  • most effective for melancholic features, OCD, Bulimia, Panic, and PTSD
  • block reuptake of serotonin
  • less side effects compared to tricyclics
62
Q

MAOI’s

A

Antidepressants

  • isocarboxazld, phenelzine, and tranylcypromine
  • most effective for atypical depression features
  • it inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase which deactivates dopamine, norepinephrine, & serotonin
  • side effects, need to avoid foods containing tyramine (aged cheeses, meats, beer, wine, fava beans, avocado, soy sauce)
63
Q

Newer Antidepressants

A

NDRIs- Bupropion (Wellbutrin)-a norepinephrine & dopamine reuptake inhibitor

-effective for MDD, depressive phase of bipolar

SNRIs-Venlafaxine (Effexor) & Duloxetine (Cymbalta) serotonin & norepinephrie reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)

-effective for MDD, GAD, SA, OCD, fibromyalgia, headaches, back pain

64
Q

Mood Stabilizing Drugs

A

Lithium-effective for classic bipolar symtpoms

  • temp gastrointestinal side effects
  • toxicity is a concern
  • patients are told to avoid caffeine, alcohol, and diuretics

Carbamazepine-Tegretol, Depakote, Klonapin

  • effective for rapid cyclers
  • not good for patients with cardiovascualr issues
65
Q

Barbiturates

A

amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital

-interrupt impulses to Reticular activating system

66
Q

Benzos

A

anxiolytics-most commonly prescribed

  • diazepam, alprazolam, oxazepam, triazolam, chlordiazepozide, lorazepam
  • stimulates inhibitory action of GABA
  • effective for anxiety, sleep, seizures, cerebral plasy
  • withdrawal symptoms can be severe
  • new anxiolytic–busiprone
67
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy helps

A

hot flashes
mood swings
reduces risk for osteoporosis

68
Q

“pill rolling” a hand tremor is associated with what

A

Parkinson’s disease

69
Q

the left temporal lobe is associated with

A

verbal memory and audition

70
Q

this is associated with difficulty regulating the rate, rhythm, pitch, & loudness of speech

A

dysprosody

71
Q

This can be a side effect of medication that is caused by a failure of the bone marrow to produce sufficient white blood cells and increases body’s susceptibility to infection

A

Agranlocytosis

72
Q

relationship between REM sleep and dreaming

A

most dreaming occurs during REM and dreams during non REM are less vivid and elaborate and more realistic

73
Q

brain lateraliation for language is most evident

A

in the first year of life

74
Q

Presbyopia

A

near vision

75
Q

damage to the lumbar or sacral would result in

A

loss of functioning in the hips and legs

76
Q

damage to the cervical level results in

A

Quadriplegia (arms and legs)

77
Q

damage to the thoracic level

A

paraplegia (legs)

78
Q

partial seizures in the temporal lobe are most likely to cause

A

feeling of deja vu

79
Q

Apraxia

A

inability to perform skilled movements that is not due to muscle weakness, loss of motor concentration, etc.

80
Q

Akathisia

A

motor restlessness

81
Q

conscious perception of odors

A

oribital frontal cortex

82
Q

olfactory memory

A

amygdala

83
Q

prosopagnosia is due to

A

lesions in the junction of the occipital, temporal, & parietal

EPPP (11 decks)

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