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EPPP > Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Lifespan Development Flashcards

1
Q

microsystem

A

1st level
child’s immediate environment
-face to face relationships
-parents

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2
Q

mesosystem

A

2nd level

  • interactions between factors in child’s microsystem
  • parent-teacher conference
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3
Q

exosystem

A
  • 3rd level
  • elements in the broader environment
  • parents work, school board, community agencies
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4
Q

macrosystem

A

4th level

  • overarching environmental influences
  • cultural beliefs, economic conditions, political ideologies
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5
Q

chronosystem

A

5th level

  • environmental or historical events and transitions that occur over an individual’s lifespan
  • landing on the moon
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6
Q

PKU

A

recessive gene disorder (homozygous for the condition)

  • can cause intellectual disability
  • treated with diet changes
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7
Q

Down Syndrome

A

disorder due to extra chromosome on 21

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8
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

in males

presence of two or more X chromosomes along with a single Y

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9
Q

Prader-Willi

A

chromosomal deletion

-have some degree of mental retardation, are obese, and may have obsessive-compulsive behaviors

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10
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

in females

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11
Q

When are you most susceptible to teratogens

A

weeks 3 - 8

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12
Q

Piaget’s stages of development

A

Sensorimotor-birth - 2 yrs

  • learn about objects and others via sensory info
  • object permanence-objects continue to exist when out of sight

Preoperational Stage-2 - 7yrs
-learn via symbolic function
-incomplete understanding of cause and effect
magical thinking, egocentrism, focus on most noticeable feature-(water & different size glasses)

Concrete Operational Stage-7 - 11yrs
-Conservation - more abstract thinking

Formal Operational-11+years

  • think abstractly and uses deductive reasoning
  • renewed egocentrism
  • Personal fable-belief that one is unique and not subject to natural laws
  • Imaginary audience:-belief that one is always the center of attention
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13
Q

Assimilation

A

incorporation of new knowledge into existing schemas

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14
Q

Accommodation

A

modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge

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15
Q

circadian arousal and age (peak time for performance)

A

older adults: morning

younger adults: morning and evening

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16
Q

In regards to memory, when compared to young adults, old adults exhibit declines in what areas

A

Greatest decline is in recent long-term memory
then working memory

Remote long term memory, memory span, and sensory memory are unaffected

Episodic memory is more adversely affected by increasing age

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17
Q

semantic bootstrapping

A

child uses knowledge of meaning of words to infer their syntactical category

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18
Q

Syntactic bootstrapping

A

child uses syntactical knowledge to learn the meaning of new words

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19
Q

Phonemes

A

smallest units of sound that are understood in a language

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20
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest unit of sound that conveys meaning

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21
Q

Stages of language acquisition

A
  1. crying
  2. cooing & babbling (6-8 weeks of age)
  3. Echolalia & expressive jargon (9 months)-imitate adult speech
  4. First words (13 months)-often nominals, labels for objects, people, or events
  5. Telegraphic speech-string 2 or more words together
  6. Vocab growth-at 18 months
  7. Grammatically correct sentences: 2.5-5 yrs
  8. Metalinguistic Awareness: early school years-can think about language
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22
Q

Bilingual children and academic performance

A
  • do as well as or better than monolingual children
  • maybe more cognitively flexible
  • may be temporary and differences go away at adolescence
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23
Q

maternal malnutrition has most severe consequences

A

6-9 months

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24
Q

by what age has the brain achieved 80% of its weight

A

2 yrs

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25
Q

what is a key contributor to a child’s development of conduct disorder

A

parents childbearing skills

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26
Q

effortful (inhibitory) control becomes stable by X months

A

33-45

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27
Q

malnutrition during fetal development is likely to have what effect on the brain

A

reduced number of brain cells

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28
Q

According to the 2013 National Survey on Drug use, the largest percentage of respondents ages 12-17 used

A

alcohol

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29
Q

effects of maternal depression on infant development

A

infants are higher risk for psychopathology and may show symptoms of disturbance as early as 3 months of age

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30
Q

Piaget-ability for a child to see someone else perform a behavior and subsequently perform that behavior depends on X

A

mental representation

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31
Q

PIaget-focusing on the most noticeable feature of an object

A

centration

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32
Q

studies during the first 2 years of life indicate that infants first exhibit recognition memory for up to 24 hours following the presentation of a stimulus at X months of age

A

3

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33
Q

stages of grief

A 
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
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34
Q

impact of parents gender stereotypes about math ability on their children’s interest in math found…

A

maternal and paternal stereotypes have an impact on both boys and girls

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35
Q

According to Vygotsky, what creates the zone of proximal development

A

make believe play

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36
Q

parents gender stereotypes of their offspring

A

parents perceive boys and girls differently within 24 hours after birth

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37
Q

Onset of stranger anxiety

A

8-10 months

38
Q

Origins of aggressiveness in children relates to X (according to Patterson & colleagues)

A

coercive exchanges between parent & child

39
Q

After maternal remarriage what are the results in comparing mothers who have remarried vs. mothers who haven’t

A

boys adapt better and show better adjustment than male peers whose mothers have not remarried

40
Q

Otitis Media

A

childhood disease associated with mild to moderate hearing loss that may have a negative impact on school achievement

41
Q

At what age do children understand race as a social, biological, and physical category

A

10 yrs old

42
Q

zone of proximal development

A

Vygotsky-the discrepancy between a childs current developmental level and the level of development that is just beyond the current level and can be reached with scaffolding

43
Q

Freud’s stages

A

Oral-(birth - 1yr) sensation and stimulation
Anal (1-3) control of body waste
Phallic (3-6) sexual energy is centered in the genitals
Latency (6-12) social skills
Genital (12+) sexual desire is combined with affection

44
Q

Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Stages

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority
  5. Identity vs. Role confusion
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
  8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
45
Q

Kohlberg’s cognitive development & acquisition of gender role identity

A

1 age 2-3-gender identity (male or female)
2 gender stability
3 gender constancy

46
Q

Bem and gender role

A

a combo of social learning and cognitive development

we develop frameworks of masculinity and femininity

47
Q

Secure Attachment-baby’s reaction when mom is present, leaves, then returns

characteristics of mother

A
  • baby will explore room and play when mom is present
  • baby becomes mildly upset when mom leaves
  • baby actively seeks contact when she returns

Mothers are sensitive and responsive

48
Q

Insecure (Anxious)/Ambivalent Attachment-baby’s reaction when mom is present, leaves, then returns

characteristics of mother

A
  • baby alternates between clinging & resisting mom
  • baby is very disturbed when left alone
  • baby is ambivalent when mom returns and may resist physical contact

Mothers are moody and inconsistent

49
Q

Insecure (Anxious)/Avoidant Attachment-baby’s reaction when mom is present, leaves, then returns

characteristics of mother

A
  • baby interacts very little with mother
  • baby shows little distress when mom leaves
  • avoids or ignores when mom returns

-Mothers tend to be impatient & unresponsive or provide children with too much stimulation

50
Q

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment-baby’s reaction when mom is present, leaves, then returns

characteristics of mother

A
  • baby is fearful of mom
  • may greet or turn away from parents
  • about 80% of children with this attachment pattern have been mistreated
51
Q

Piaget’s heterononmous vs. autonomous morality

A

heteronomous morality-morality of constraint; children believe rules are set by authority figures and can’t be altered

autonomous morality-morality of cooperation; children view rules as arbitrary and being alterable when the people who are governed by them agree to change them -focus is more on the intention of the act

52
Q

Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory

A

Preconventional-good and bad depend on consequences and/or reinforcement

Conventional: the right action is approved by others; moral judgments are based on the rules and laws

Post Conventional: the right action is consistent with democratically determined laws and can be modified. Right and wrong are chosen by broad, self-chosen, universally applicable ethical principles

53
Q

movement through Kohlber’s Moral stages depends on

A

motivation, opportunities, and exposure

54
Q

Gilligan’s Theory or morality

A

indicated females moral judgments are based on concerns related to caring, compassion, and responsibility

55
Q

concordance rate for biological siblings reared together

A

.45

56
Q

Erikson & Freud’s corresponding stages

A

birth-1: basic trust vs. mistrust-Freud’s oral stage

age 1-3: autonomy vs. shame and doubt-Freud anal

age 3-6: initiative vs. guilt-Freud phallic

age 6-11: industry vs. inferiority-Freud latency

57
Q

According to Erikson the purpose of play is to

A

master social and emotional experiences

58
Q

Congenital Cytomegalovirus

A

second most common cause of intellectual diability

causes hearing and visual impairments

59
Q

a measure of bone maturation and is determined via xrays

gender differences?

A

skeletal age

gender: girls are ahead of boys from birth and this gap increases throughout infancy and childhood

60
Q

Montessori method

A

assumption that all learning stems from sense perception

61
Q

It can be difficult to distinguish between ADHD and OCD because with ADHD

A

they may compensate for their attention deficits by developing repetitive routines

62
Q

Rutter’s research

A

investigative resiliency in children and emphasized that reducing reisk impact, negative chain reactions, promoting self esttem and self efficacy, and providing opportunities is good for promoting resilience in high risk children

63
Q

characteristics of authoritarian parenting

A

low responsiveness and high demandingness

64
Q

characteristics of permissive pearenting

A

low demandingness and high responsiveness

65
Q

characteristics of uninvolved prents

A

low demandingness and low responsiveness

66
Q

authroritian parenting

A

high demandingness high responsiveness

67
Q

when infants cry how do adults respond

A

both parents and non parents exhibit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure

68
Q

disorders that are caused by an autosomal dominant gene

A

Huntingtons disease, Marfan syndrome, Von Willebrand disease

69
Q

Which developmental changes is most likely to occur in males between 40 - 45

A

shift in perspective from time since birth to time left to live

70
Q

Kagan’s beliefs and findings regarding tmperament qualities

A

he focued on behavioral inibition as the key determinant of later personality
he found infants with a high degree of behavioral inhibition also exhibit high CNS activity (especially in the amygdala and hypothalamus)

71
Q

Babkin reflex

A

in response to an object being placed against infants palms

72
Q

Darwinian reflex

A

placing object in infants hand

73
Q

Moro reflex

A

in response to a loud noise or being dropped

74
Q

Babinski reflex

A

tickling the middle of the soles of an infants feet

75
Q

Maladaptive and strength outcomes for Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development

A

trust vs. mistrust: hope & withdrawl

autonomy vs. shame: will & compulsion

initiative vs. guilt: purpose & inhibition
industry vs. inferiority: Competence & inertia

identity vs. identity confusion: fidelity & repudiation

intimacy vs. isolation: love & exclusivity

genrativity vs. stagnation: care & rejectivity

integrity vs. despair: wisdom & disdain

76
Q

Permissive and uninvolved parenting & harsh and inconsistent parenting is associated with

A

Antisocial PD

77
Q

Research by Kenneth and Mamie Clark was used to support the argument

A

that school segregation contributes to a negative self-image among Af American children

78
Q

pride shame and guilt are evident by what age

A

30 months

79
Q

Erickson coined the term

A

adolescent identity crisis

80
Q

Stanley Hall coined the term

A

adolescent storm and stress

81
Q

Separation anxiety age of onset and peak

A

onset 6-8 months

peak 14-18 months

82
Q

Private speech (Vygotsky)

A

self-directed speech that guides child behavior

83
Q

Rooting reflex

A

infant turns their head in the direction of touch applied to their cheek

84
Q

which of the 5 senses are the least developed at birth and when is it fully developed

A

vision

by 6 months fully developed

85
Q

auditory localization in infants

A

is present shortly after birth then disappears between 2-4 months

Reappears and improves

86
Q

Rosenthal effect

A

self-fulfilling prophecy/experimenter expectancy-when expectations about performance can have effects on students

87
Q

Zeigarnik effect

A

tendency to return to unfinished activities, striving for closure to obtain a sense of completion

88
Q

separation from the mother is least likely to impact the infant at what age

A

0-6 months

89
Q

3 different cries that an infant exhibits

A

hunger, pain, angry

90
Q

Baumgartner six phases for AIDs diagnosis

A 
diagnsis
post diagnosis
turning point
immersion
post immersion
turning point
integration
disclosure (occurs throughout the stages)
91
Q

soon after birth, infants can express what emotions via facial expressions

A

distress
interest
disgust

EPPP (11 decks)

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