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Psychology 1B > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 parts of social psychology?

A
  1. Self-knowledge (self-concept)
  2. Interpersonal self (public self)
  3. Agent self (executive function)
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2
Q

What does the agent self refer to?

A

Decision making, self-control, taking charge of situations, and active responding.

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3
Q

What is the interdependent self-construal?

A

What connects self to others.

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4
Q

Which theory gauges a person’s social acceptance/rejection?

A

Sociometer theory

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5
Q

Which theory buffers against thinking about death?

A

Terror management theory

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6
Q

What 4 main thoughts arise in social cognition?

A
  1. Social acceptance
  2. Relationship formation
  3. Relationship maintenance
  4. Competing against others
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7
Q

What are the 3 goals of thinking?

A
  1. Discover the right answer
  2. Confirm the desired answer
  3. Reach the answer quickly
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8
Q

What are the 4 elements of automatic thinking?

A
  1. Not guided by intention
  2. Not subject to deliberate control
  3. No effort
  4. Highly efficiency
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9
Q

Schemas and scripts are part of…

A

Knowledge structures

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10
Q

What are schemas?

A

Substantial info about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts.

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11
Q

What do schemas allow us to do?

A

Reduce the amount of info we need to process.

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12
Q

What are scripts?

A

Schemas about certain events. Are learned and can become automatic.

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13
Q

Causal explanations people give for their and others’ behaviours are called…

A

Attributions (internal or external factors)

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14
Q

Internal stable attributions =

A

Ability / success

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15
Q

Internal unstable attributions =

A

Effort / success

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16
Q

External stable attributions =

A

Task difficulty / failure

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17
Q

External unstable attributions =

A

Luck / failure

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18
Q

Tendency to take credit for success but deny blame for failure is called…

A

Self-serving bias

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19
Q

What are the 3 attribution errors?

A
  1. Actor/observer bias
  2. Fundamental attribution error
  3. Ultimate attribution error
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20
Q

The tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions is called…

A

Actor/observer bias

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21
Q

The tendency for observers to attribute other’s behaviours to internal or dispositional causes and downplay situational causes is called…

A

Fundamental attribution error

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22
Q

The tendency for observers to make internal attributions about whole groups of people is called…

A

Ultimate attribution error

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23
Q

What are the 6 cognitive errors and biases?

A
  1. Confirmation bias
  2. Conjunction fallacy
  3. Illusory correlation
  4. Base rate fallacy
  5. Gambler’s fallacy
  6. False consensus effect
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24
Q

What is conjunction fallacy?

A

The tendency to see an event as more likely as it becomes more specific because it is joined with elements that seem similar to events that are likely.

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25
Q

The tendency to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all is called…

A

Illusory correlation

26
Q

What is base rate fallacy?

A

Tendency to ignore base rate info and be influenced by distinctive features of the case.

27
Q

The tendency to believe a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chances will ‘even out’ in the short run is called…

A

Gambler’s fallacy

28
Q

What is the false consensus effect?

A

Tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share one’s opinion/attitudes/values.

29
Q

What are dual attitudes?

A

Implicit attitudes: automatic evaluative response
Explicit attitudes: conscious evaluative response

30
Q

What are the 3 components of attitude formation?

A
  1. Mere-exposure effect
  2. Classical conditioning
  3. Polarisation
31
Q

What is the exception to the mere-exposure effect?

A

If you dislike something initially, repeated exposure will not change that attitude.

32
Q

In polarisation, which 2 forms of evidence is accepted?

A
  1. Evidence that confirms attitudes
  2. Evidence from in-group members
33
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

The unpleasant state when attitudes and behaviours are inconsistent?

34
Q

What does cognitive dissonance cause a person do to?

A

Rationalise their behaviour and bring their attitude into line with their action.

35
Q

What is effort justification?

A

When people seek to justify and rationalise any suffering or effort they have made.

36
Q

What is aversion racism?

A

Simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings towards minorities (more covert).

37
Q

When are subtypes used?

A

When people don’t fit a general stereotype.

38
Q

What are the ABC’s of intergroup relationships?

A

Affective = prejudice
Behavioural = discrimination
Cognitive = stereotyping

39
Q

The preferential treatment of people in one’s own group is called…

A

In-group favouritism

40
Q

What occurs when group membership is random?

A

Minimal group effect

41
Q

What 3 factors influence conformity?

A
  1. Normative social influence
  2. Informational social influence
  3. Number of people watching
42
Q

The pressure to conform to the positive expectations or actions of other people is called…

A

Normative social influence

43
Q

The pressure to accept the actions or statements of others as evidence about reality is called…

A

Informational social influence

44
Q

What are the 5 steps to helping?

A
  1. Notice something is happening
  2. Interpret meaning of event
  3. Taking responsibility for providing help
  4. Know how to help
  5. Provide help
45
Q

What are the 4 reasons people help others?

A
  1. Evolutionary benefits
  2. Egoistic helping
  3. Altruistic helping
  4. Empathy-altruism hypothesis
46
Q

Which theory explains why people help others to reduce their own distress?

A

Negative state relief theory

47
Q

What are the 5 types of aggression?

A
  1. Hostile aggression
  2. Instrumental aggression
  3. Passive aggression
  4. Active aggression
  5. Violence
48
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

Cold, premeditated, calculated harmful behaviour that is a means to some practical or material end.

49
Q

What are the 3 theories of aggression?

A
  1. Instinct
  2. Learning
  3. Nature vs nurture
50
Q

What are the 5 internal causes of aggression?

A
  1. Frustration-aggression hypothesis
  2. Unpleasant moods
  3. Anger
  4. Excitation transfer
  5. Hostile cognitive biases
51
Q

What are the 3 types of hostile cognitive biases?

A
  1. Hostile attribution bias
  2. Hostile perception bias
  3. Hostile expectation bias
52
Q

What percentage of toddler interactions in daycare settings involve physical aggression?

A

25%

53
Q

What are the 5 external causes of aggression?

A
  1. Weapon effect
  2. Mass media
  3. Unpleasant environments
  4. Chemicals (testosterone, serotonin, alcohol)
  5. Diet
54
Q

Which type of social influence produces private acceptance?

A

Informational influence

55
Q

Which type of social influence produces public compliance?

A

Normative influence

56
Q

What are the 8 techniques of social influence?

A
  1. Foot-in-the-door
  2. Low-ball
  3. Bait-and-switch
  4. Labelling
  5. Legitimisation-of-paltry-favours
  6. Door-in-the-face
  7. That’s-not-all
  8. Rare opportunities
57
Q

Which social influence technique start with a small request to gain eventual compliance with a larger request?

A

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

58
Q

Which social influence technique uses phrases like “even a small amount makes a difference”?

A

Legitimisation-of-Paltry-Favours Technique

59
Q

Which social influence technique starts with an inflated request and then retreat to a smaller one?

A

Door-in-the-Face Technique

60
Q

What are the 2 ingredients to belongingness?

A
  1. Regular social contact with others
  2. Close, stable, mutually intimate contact
61
Q

What are the 4 factors that influence who like whom?

A
  1. Similarity
  2. Reciprocity
  3. Exposure
  4. Attractiveness
62
Q

What are the 3 aspects of Sternberg’s Triangle?

A
  1. Passion
  2. Commitment
  3. Intimacy (top)

Psychology 1B (8 decks)

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