Social Psychology Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of social psychology?
- Self-knowledge (self-concept)
- Interpersonal self (public self)
- Agent self (executive function)
What does the agent self refer to?
Decision making, self-control, taking charge of situations, and active responding.
What is the interdependent self-construal?
What connects self to others.
Which theory gauges a person’s social acceptance/rejection?
Sociometer theory
Which theory buffers against thinking about death?
Terror management theory
What 4 main thoughts arise in social cognition?
- Social acceptance
- Relationship formation
- Relationship maintenance
- Competing against others
What are the 3 goals of thinking?
- Discover the right answer
- Confirm the desired answer
- Reach the answer quickly
What are the 4 elements of automatic thinking?
- Not guided by intention
- Not subject to deliberate control
- No effort
- Highly efficiency
Schemas and scripts are part of…
Knowledge structures
What are schemas?
Substantial info about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts.
What do schemas allow us to do?
Reduce the amount of info we need to process.
What are scripts?
Schemas about certain events. Are learned and can become automatic.
Causal explanations people give for their and others’ behaviours are called…
Attributions (internal or external factors)
Internal stable attributions =
Ability / success
Internal unstable attributions =
Effort / success
External stable attributions =
Task difficulty / failure
External unstable attributions =
Luck / failure
Tendency to take credit for success but deny blame for failure is called…
Self-serving bias
What are the 3 attribution errors?
- Actor/observer bias
- Fundamental attribution error
- Ultimate attribution error
The tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions is called…
Actor/observer bias
The tendency for observers to attribute other’s behaviours to internal or dispositional causes and downplay situational causes is called…
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to make internal attributions about whole groups of people is called…
Ultimate attribution error
What are the 6 cognitive errors and biases?
- Confirmation bias
- Conjunction fallacy
- Illusory correlation
- Base rate fallacy
- Gambler’s fallacy
- False consensus effect
What is conjunction fallacy?
The tendency to see an event as more likely as it becomes more specific because it is joined with elements that seem similar to events that are likely.
The tendency to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all is called…
Illusory correlation
What is base rate fallacy?
Tendency to ignore base rate info and be influenced by distinctive features of the case.
The tendency to believe a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chances will ‘even out’ in the short run is called…
Gambler’s fallacy
What is the false consensus effect?
Tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share one’s opinion/attitudes/values.
What are dual attitudes?
Implicit attitudes: automatic evaluative response
Explicit attitudes: conscious evaluative response
What are the 3 components of attitude formation?
- Mere-exposure effect
- Classical conditioning
- Polarisation
What is the exception to the mere-exposure effect?
If you dislike something initially, repeated exposure will not change that attitude.
In polarisation, which 2 forms of evidence is accepted?
- Evidence that confirms attitudes
- Evidence from in-group members
What is cognitive dissonance?
The unpleasant state when attitudes and behaviours are inconsistent?
What does cognitive dissonance cause a person do to?
Rationalise their behaviour and bring their attitude into line with their action.
What is effort justification?
When people seek to justify and rationalise any suffering or effort they have made.
What is aversion racism?
Simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings towards minorities (more covert).
When are subtypes used?
When people don’t fit a general stereotype.
What are the ABC’s of intergroup relationships?
Affective = prejudice
Behavioural = discrimination
Cognitive = stereotyping
The preferential treatment of people in one’s own group is called…
In-group favouritism
What occurs when group membership is random?
Minimal group effect
What 3 factors influence conformity?
- Normative social influence
- Informational social influence
- Number of people watching
The pressure to conform to the positive expectations or actions of other people is called…
Normative social influence
The pressure to accept the actions or statements of others as evidence about reality is called…
Informational social influence
What are the 5 steps to helping?
- Notice something is happening
- Interpret meaning of event
- Taking responsibility for providing help
- Know how to help
- Provide help
What are the 4 reasons people help others?
- Evolutionary benefits
- Egoistic helping
- Altruistic helping
- Empathy-altruism hypothesis
Which theory explains why people help others to reduce their own distress?
Negative state relief theory
What are the 5 types of aggression?
- Hostile aggression
- Instrumental aggression
- Passive aggression
- Active aggression
- Violence
What is instrumental aggression?
Cold, premeditated, calculated harmful behaviour that is a means to some practical or material end.
What are the 3 theories of aggression?
- Instinct
- Learning
- Nature vs nurture
What are the 5 internal causes of aggression?
- Frustration-aggression hypothesis
- Unpleasant moods
- Anger
- Excitation transfer
- Hostile cognitive biases
What are the 3 types of hostile cognitive biases?
- Hostile attribution bias
- Hostile perception bias
- Hostile expectation bias
What percentage of toddler interactions in daycare settings involve physical aggression?
25%
What are the 5 external causes of aggression?
- Weapon effect
- Mass media
- Unpleasant environments
- Chemicals (testosterone, serotonin, alcohol)
- Diet
Which type of social influence produces private acceptance?
Informational influence
Which type of social influence produces public compliance?
Normative influence
What are the 8 techniques of social influence?
- Foot-in-the-door
- Low-ball
- Bait-and-switch
- Labelling
- Legitimisation-of-paltry-favours
- Door-in-the-face
- That’s-not-all
- Rare opportunities
Which social influence technique start with a small request to gain eventual compliance with a larger request?
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
Which social influence technique uses phrases like “even a small amount makes a difference”?
Legitimisation-of-Paltry-Favours Technique
Which social influence technique starts with an inflated request and then retreat to a smaller one?
Door-in-the-Face Technique
What are the 2 ingredients to belongingness?
- Regular social contact with others
- Close, stable, mutually intimate contact
What are the 4 factors that influence who like whom?
- Similarity
- Reciprocity
- Exposure
- Attractiveness
What are the 3 aspects of Sternberg’s Triangle?
- Passion
- Commitment
- Intimacy (top)
