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Psychology 1B > Child Development > Flashcards

Child Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 domains of developmental psychology?

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Social and emotional
  3. Language
  4. Physical
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2
Q

What 3 methods can be used to study developmental psychology?

A
  1. Cross-cultural studies
  2. Longitudinal studies
  3. Sequential studies (combines 1 and 2)
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3
Q

What are the 3 main stages of pre-natal development?

A
  1. Zygote/blastocyst (fertilised egg up to 2 weeks)
  2. Embryo (2 weeks-2 months)
  3. Foetus (2 months-birth)
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4
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Any substance or environmental factor that might cause birth defects.

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5
Q

What birth defects did Thalidomide cause?

A

Limb development issues, sensory impairment, facial disfiguration, stillbirth.

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6
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A learning method that employs rewards and punishments for behaviour.

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7
Q

What is Melzoff’s theory of Habituation & Dis-habituation?

A

Learning by copying others behaviour. Modelling occurs even after delays.

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8
Q

When does a baby learn to sit unsupported?

A

6 months

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9
Q

When does a baby typically begin to crawl?

A

8-9 months

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10
Q

When does a baby typically begin to walk?

A

12 months

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11
Q

When does a baby typically begin to walk indepenently?

A

15 months

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12
Q

What is the top-down concept of learning?

A

Cephalocaudal Trend

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13
Q

What is the bottom-up concept of learning?

A

Proximodistal

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14
Q

What are the 3 dominant theories of cognitive development?

A
  1. Cognitive-developmental stage theory (Piaget)
  2. Sociocultural theory (Vygotsky)
  3. Informational processing theory
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15
Q

What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
  2. Preoperational (2-7 years)
  3. Concrete operational (7-11 years)
  4. Formal operational (11+ years)
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16
Q

What are the 2 components of adaption in Piaget’s cognitive-developmental stages theory?

A
  1. Assimilation: interpreting experience in terms of existing schemes
  2. Accommodation: old schemes are adjusted and new ones created to incorporate new information
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17
Q

What occurs during the sensorimotor stage?

A

Experience the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, grasping).

Phenomena: object permanence and stranger anxiety.

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18
Q

What occurs during the pre-operational stage?

A

Represents things with words and images but lacks logical reasoning.

Phenomena: Pretend play, egocentrism.

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19
Q

What occurs during the concrete operational stage?

A

Logical thinking about concrete events.

Phenomena: Conversation, maths transformations.

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20
Q

What occurs during the formal operational stage?

A

Abstract reasoning.

Phenomena: Abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning.

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21
Q

What are the 5 principles of the pre-operational stage?

A
  1. Conservation
  2. Centration
  3. Irreversibility
  4. Egocentrism
  5. Theory of mind
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22
Q

Which principle of the pre-operational stage is impaired in autistic children?

A

Theory of mind: ability to infer others’ mental stages

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23
Q

What are the 3 components of the concrete operational stage?

A
  1. Seriation: arrange items along a quantitative dimension
  2. Transitive inference: seriate mentally
  3. Cognitive maps: mental representations of large scale environments
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24
Q

What is propositional thought within the formal operational stage?

A

Ability to evaluate the logic of propositions (verbal statements) without referring to real world circumstances (compare to concrete operational).

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25
Q

What 2 types of egocentrism occur during the formal operational stage?

A
  1. Imagery audience: they are the focus of everyone’s attention
  2. Personal fable: they are special and unique
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26
Q

What maximises cognitive development?

A

An enriched environment

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27
Q

At what age do children become more capable of verbal thinking?

A

6 or 7 years - no longer think aloud.

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28
Q

What does Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory describe learning as?

A

A social process - impact of social interactions and culture.

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29
Q

The concept that refers to the gap between what a learner can do on their own and what they can achieve with help is called…

A

Zone of Proximal Development

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30
Q

What is the informational processing theory?

A

Describes how people process, store, and retrieve information.

31
Q

What are the two basic emotions in babies?

A
  1. Attraction to pleasant stimulation
  2. Withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation
32
Q

What is the emotion understanding present between birth and 6 months?

A

Detects emotions by matching caregiver’s feeling tone in face-to-face communication.

33
Q

What is the emotion understanding present between 7-12 months?

A
  • Detects meaning of emotional signals
  • Engages in social referencing.
34
Q

What is the emotion understanding present between 1-2 years?

A
  • Appreciates other’s emotional reactions may differ
  • Emotional vocabulary
  • Displays empathy
35
Q

What is the emotion understanding present between 3-6 years?

A
  • Greater understanding of causes and consequences and behavioural signals
  • Empathy becomes more reflective
36
Q

What is the emotion understanding present between 7-11 years?

A
  • Can reconcile conflicting cues/mixed feelings in others
  • Empathy increases
37
Q

At what age range does self-conscious emotions emerge?

A

1-2 years

38
Q

At what age are self-conscious emotions integrated into inner standards of good behaviour?

A

7-11 years

39
Q

At what age does a child begin to conform to emotional display rules?

A

3-6 years

40
Q

At what age does a child regulate emotions by approach/retreat?

A

7-12 months

41
Q

What are the 4 ‘types’ of children?

A
  1. Easy child (40%)
  2. Difficult child (10%)
  3. Slow-to-warm-up child (15%)
  4. Blended (35%)
42
Q

By what age does a close emotional bond form between child and caregiver?

A

6-8 months

43
Q

What is the Harlow’s experiment?

A

Monkeys were separated from their mother and given a blanket for comfort - became distressed when the blankets were removed.

44
Q

Which 2 tactics were used in Harlow’s experiment?

A
  1. Partial isolation
  2. Total social isolation
45
Q

According to Bowlby, what are the 4 phases of the development of affection?

A
  1. Pre-attachment (birth-6 weeks)
  2. Attachment in the making (6 weeks-6-8 months)
  3. Clear-cut attachment (6-8 months-18-24 months)
  4. Formation of reciprocal relationship 18-24 months+)
46
Q

What occurs during phase one of affection development?

A

Variety of signals (grasping, crying, smiling) helps to bring and keep close proximity to adults - attachment not yet formed.

47
Q

What occurs during phase two of affection development?

A
  • Respond differently to strangers
  • Expectation that caregiver will respond
  • Little protest when separated from parent
48
Q

What occurs during phase three of affection development?

A
  • Separation anxiety
  • Understand caregiver continues to exist
  • Act to maintain caregiver presence
49
Q

What occurs during phase four of affection development?

A
  • Understand reasons for parents ‘coming and going’
  • Negotiate
50
Q

According to Ainsworth, what are the 4 attachment patterns?

A
  1. Secure attachment (60%)
  2. Avoidant attachment (15%)
  3. Resistant attachment (10%)
  4. Disorganised/disorientated attachment (15%)
51
Q

According to Ainsworth, which attachment pattern has the greatest insecurity?

A

Disorganised/disorientated attachment

52
Q

What are the 4 types of parenting styles?

A
  1. Authoritarian
  2. Permissive
  3. Authoritative
  4. Unresponsive
53
Q

Which parenting style is the most effective?

A

Authoritative: both demanding and responsive

54
Q

What is the major social achievement in infancy?

A

Attachment

55
Q

What is the major achievement in childhood?

A

Positive sense of self

56
Q

What is a child’s self-concept based on?

A

Gender, group membership, and comparative strengths and weaknesses.

57
Q

Positive self-concept is correlated with…

A

Confidence, independence, optimism, assertiveness, and sociability.

58
Q

High self-esteem =

A

Realistic evaluation coupled with an attitude of acceptance and respect.

59
Q

What are the 4 aspects of the self-esteem structure?

A
  1. Academic
  2. Social
  3. Athletic
  4. Appearance
60
Q

In the development of self-esteem, what are the milestones of a child aged 1-2 years?

A
  • Expressions of pleasure in mastery
  • Sensitivity to adult evaluations
61
Q

In the development of self-esteem, what are the milestones of a child aged 3-5 years?

A
  • Self-esteem is high based on several self-evaluations
  • Achievement-related evaluations appear but are undifferentiated
62
Q

In the development of self-esteem, what are the milestones of a child aged 6-10 years?

A
  • Self-esteem hierarchically organised and integrated in overall self-image
  • Self-esteem declines with increased social comparisons
63
Q

In the development of self-esteem, at what age does achievement-related evaluations begin to differentiate into ability, effort, and external factors?

A

6-10 years

64
Q

In the development of self-esteem, what are the milestones of a child aged 11+ years?

A
  • New dimensions added (friendship, romantic appeal)
  • Full differentiation of ability and effort
65
Q

What is argued in Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial development?

A

Each stage is characterised by a psychosocial crisis involving a struggle between two opposing tendencies. Personality is shaped by how an individual deals with each crisis.

66
Q

What is stage 1 of Erikson’s stage theory?

A

Trust vs mistrust (0-1 years)

67
Q

What is stage 2 of Erikson’s stage theory?

A

Autonomy vs shame & doubt (1-3 years)

68
Q

What is stage 3 of Erikson’s stage theory?

A

Initiative vs guilt (3-6 years)

69
Q

What is stage 4 of Erikson’s stage theory?

A

Industry vs inferiority (6 years-puberty)

70
Q

What is stage 5 of Erikson’s stage theory?

A

Identity vs role confusion (teens-20s)

71
Q

What is stage 6 of Erikson’s stage theory?

A

Intimacy vs isolation (20s-early 40s)

72
Q

What is stage 7 of Erikson’s stage theory?

A

Generativity vs stagnation (40s-60s)

73
Q

What is stage 8 of Erikson’s stage theory?

A

Integrity vs despair (late 60s+)

Psychology 1B (8 decks)

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