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Psychology 1B > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 domains of knowledge in personality?

A
  1. Dispositional/trait
  2. Biological
  3. Intrapsychic/psychodynamic
  4. Cognitive-experimental
  5. Social and cultural
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2
Q

What is the primary goal of the Dispositional/Trait approach?

A

To identify and measure the most important ways in which individuals differ. The origin of differences and how they develop over time.

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3
Q

What is the core assumption of the biological approach?

A

That humans are collections of biological systems, and these systems provide building blocks for behaviour, thought, and emotion.

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4
Q

What are the 3 main perspectives of the biological basis of personality?

A
  1. Behavioural genetics
  2. Psychophysiology
  3. Evolutionary personality psychology
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5
Q

Which domain deals with the mental mechanisms of personality which often operate outside conscious awareness?

A

Intrapsychic/psychodynamic

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6
Q

What are some example topics of psychoanalysis?

A

Repression, denial, projection, and motives for power, achievement, and affiliation.

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7
Q

What does the cognitive-experimental domain focus on?

A

The cognition and subjective experience, such as conscious thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires about oneself and others.

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8
Q

What does the social and cultural domain examine?

A

How personality plays out in the social sphere, including sex and gender, and differences in personality processes, traits, and mechanisms.

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9
Q

What are the 3 approaches to personality trait identification?

A
  1. Lexical
  2. Statistical
  3. Theoretical
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10
Q

What are the 3 personality taxonomies/theories?

A
  1. Eysenck’s Hierarchical model of personality
  2. Cattell’s taxonomy
  3. Five-factor model
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11
Q

What are the 3 super traits in Eysenck’s model?

A
  1. Extraversion-introversion (E)
  2. Neuroticism-emotional stability (N)
  3. Psychoticism (P)
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12
Q

What is Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality?

A

Theory that organises personality traits into a hierarchy, with broad traits at the top and specific behaviours at the bottom.

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13
Q

What are the 4 levels of Eysenck’s theory?

A
  1. Specific acts or cognitions
  2. Habitual acts or cognitions
  3. Personal dispositions
  4. Super traits
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14
Q

How many factors did Cattell’s taxonomy identify?

A

16

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15
Q

Which taxonomy had the goal of identifying and measuring the basic units of personality?

A

Cattell’s taxonomy

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16
Q

What are the aspects of the five-factor model?

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Conscientiousness
  4. Emotional stability/neuroticism
  5. Openness/intellect
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17
Q

What are the 3 assumptions of trait personality?

A
  1. Meaningful individual differences
  2. Stability or consistency over time
  3. Consistency across situations
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18
Q

What are the 2 possible explanations for behaviour?

A
  1. Function of personality traits
  2. Function of situation
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19
Q

What does situational specificity explain?

A

Certain situations can provoke behaviour that is out of character for an individual.

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20
Q

What percentage of personality is genetic?

A

20-50%

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21
Q

What percentage of personality is due to environmental factors?

A

50-80%

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of methods used to study the biological domain of personality?

A
  1. Family studies
  2. Twin studies
  3. Adoption studies
23
Q

What are the 2 criteria for natural selection?

A

Survival and reproduction

24
Q

What is the preparedness hypothesis?

A

Suggests that humans are naturally inclined to learn certain fears and associations more easily than others.

25
Q

What are the 3 models of psychodynamic theory?

A
  1. Instinct model
  2. Psychosexual stages of development
  3. Structural model
26
Q

What are the 2 instincts within the instinct model?

A

Original:
1. Self-preservation instinct
2. Sexual instincts
Combined:
1. Life instinct
2. Libido

27
Q

What occurs when energy is left behind in a stage of psychosexual development?

A

Fixation - adults under stress will regress back to the stage where they left most of their energy.

28
Q

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A

Oral: 0-18 months
Anal: 2-3 years
Phallic: 4-6 years
Latency: 7-11 years
Genital: 12+ years

29
Q

What conflict occurs with an oral fixation?

A

Issues with dependency, aggression, drinking, eating, smoking, or nail-biting.

30
Q

What 2 types of conflict occur with an anal fixation?

A

Lenient parents results in anal-expulsive personality: messy, wasteful, or destructive.
Strict or too early results in anal-retentive personality: stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive.

31
Q

What conflict occurs with a phallic fixation?

A

Oedipus/Electra complex: unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent and feelings of rivalry with the same-sex parent.

32
Q

What conflict occurs with a latency fixation?

A

Immaturity, sublimation of sexual and aggressive impulses, and inability to form fulfilling relationships as an adult.

33
Q

What occurs during the genital stage?

A

Mature sexuality and relationships.

34
Q

What are the 3 parts of unconscious motivation?

A
  1. Conscious: thoughts and feelings
  2. Preconscious: not presently thinking about but can easily retrieve
  3. Unconscious: largest part which the person is unaware of
35
Q

What are the 3 components of Freud’s structural model of personality?

A
  1. Ego: psychological, reality principle
  2. Superego: social, moral imperatives
  3. Id: biological, wish fulfilment
36
Q

What occurs when there is an imbalance between the id, superego, and ego?

A

Anxiety

37
Q

Which component of Freud’s structural model is engaged for defence mechanisms?

A

Ego - unconscious mental processes that protect a person from unpleasant emotions.

38
Q

What are the 12 types of defence mechanisms?

A
  1. Compensation
  2. Denial
  3. Displacement
  4. Fantasy
  5. Identification
  6. Isolation
  7. Projection
  8. Rationalisation
  9. Reaction formation
  10. Regression
    11: Repression
    12: Sublimation
39
Q

Who was a prominent critique of Freud’s theory?

A

Karen Horney: feminist interpretation, cultural influence, gender differences.

40
Q

What is the object relations theory?

A

The enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships, and the motivational, cognitive, and affective processes that produce those patterns.

41
Q

Which theory focuses on interpersonal disturbances?

A

Relational theory: capacity for relatedness to others.

42
Q

Who were the 2 main figures in early childhood attachment theory?

A

Bowlby and Ainsworth

43
Q

What are the 3 attachment styles?

A

Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent

44
Q

What are the traits of the ambivalent attachment style?

A

Reluctant to get as close to others as they want to, worry partner doesn’t really love them, wants to merge completely with partner.

45
Q

Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) expanded attachment theory. What are the 3 additional styles?

A

Dismissing: independent and self-sufficient
Preoccupied: want complete emotional intimacy, uncomfortable without close relationships
Fearful: want emotionally close relationships but difficult to trust others

46
Q

What are the 4 key differences in the cognitive approach to personality?

A
  1. Perception
  2. Interpretation
  3. Beliefs and distress
  4. Intelligence
47
Q

What is field independence in the context of perception?

A

Ability to focus on specific details within a complex visual environment, even when there is distracting background information⁠.

48
Q

Do FI or FD people favour social science and eduation?

A

FD

49
Q

Do FI or FD people favour maths, science, and engineering?

A

FI

50
Q

Are FI or FD people more interpersonally detached?

A

FI

51
Q

Are FI or FD people more attentive to social cues and people oriented?

A

FD

52
Q

Which theory believes a person uses constructs to interpret and predict events?

A

Kelly Personal Construct Theory

53
Q

What does Rotter’s Locus of Control theory relate to?

A

A person’s interpretation of responsibility for events, both internal and external.

54
Q

What 4 things are revealed through differences in beliefs and desires?

A
  1. Personal strivings
  2. Current concerns
  3. Personal projects
  4. Life tasks

Psychology 1B (8 decks)

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