Social Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Social Psychology
A
- The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
2
Q
social thinking
A
-How our immediate environment shapes the way we think about ourse;ves and others
3
Q
fundamental attribution error
A
- The tendency to attribute other people’s behavior (especially people we don’t know) to their personal characteristics
- However, we attribute our own behavior and behaviors of people we know
4
Q
self-serving bias
A
- When we do something good, we say it’s because of personal characteristics
- Do something bad - because of environment
- Like to think of ourselves as good people who sometimes do bad things
5
Q
social influence
A
- The process of inducing change in people
- Neutral
6
Q
social facilitation
A
- Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
- Ex: racing, green light
- Tougher tasks = perform less well when other observers or people working on the same task are present
- Strengthens most likely response
7
Q
social loafing
A
- The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
8
Q
deindividuation
A
- The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
- Lose self-consciousness = become more responsive to the group experience (mob, rock concert, ballgame)
9
Q
group polarization
A
- The environment of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
- People within a group discuss an idea that most people favor/oppose
- Ex: terrorist mentality
- Idealogical separation + deliberation = polarization between groups
10
Q
groupthink
A
- The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
- Suppress unwelcome info for the sake of group harmony
11
Q
obedience
A
- A change in behavior in response to a command from another person
- Stated/implied consequence for saying “no
12
Q
Milgram Obedience Experiment
A
- Obedience test
- One person is “teacher” and the other is “student”
- When student gets the answer, the teacher “shocks” them with higher voltage each time
- Student is in pain and says to stop but experimenter says you must go on
- 63% of men aged 20-50 complied fully
- 26 of 40 went to maximum level
13
Q
altruistic behavior
A
- The unselfish regard for the welfare of others
14
Q
bystander effect
A
- The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
- The best odds of helping occur when:
- The person appears to need and deserve help
- The person is in some way similar to us
- We are not busy
15
Q
conformity
A
- A change in a person’s behavior or opinion as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people
- Adjusting behavior to coincide with a group standard
16
Q
Asch Line experiment
A
- Comparison line - college students willing to conform to group and give wrong answer more than one-third of time
17
Q
normative social influence
A
- Observe the surroundings and do what others are doing, even if you don’t change your mind about it
- Desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
18
Q
informational social influence
A
- When you actually change your mind because of pressure from the group
- Willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
19
Q
compliance
A
- Changing in response to a direct request (not an order)
- The person asked can change or not, without consequence
20
Q
foot-in-the-door
A
- If you start with a small request, later requests are more likely to be granted because the individual has already “bought into the behavior”
21
Q
door-in-the-face
A
- Start with a large request in the hopes that a smaller request later will seem more reasonable
22
Q
interpersonal attraction
A
- Five factors that determine likelihood of two people getting along:
- Proximity
- Physical Attractiveness
- Similarity
- Exchange
- Intimacy
23
Q
proximity
A
- Actual geographic nearness
- More likely to get to know someone who lives close to us
24
Q
mere exposure effect
A
- We like people the more we see them
- More likely to happen when someone lives closeby
25
Q
physical attractiveness
A
- People tend to attribute all kinds of good things to physically attractive people (friendliness, kindness, health, happiness)
- Attractiveness is culturally determined, but also has more “universal” components
- Straight men tend to find markers of healthy fertility
- When ovulating, straight women tend to find men with masculine faces more attractive - at other times they find more feminine faces attractive
- Tend to become friends with people of roughly the same percieved attractiveness
26
Q
similarity
A
- Opposites don’t actually attract
- We tend to like people who like us - similar attitudes, interests, values, and backgrounds
27
Q
complementary traits
A
- Seem like opposites, but really two things that come together to make a whole
28
Q
exchange
A
- There needs to be a “give and take” to a relationship
- We like people who like us - the reward theory of attraction
29
Q
intimacy
A
- Genuine closeness and trust you feel with another person
- Supported by mutual self disclose
30
Q
mutual self-disclosure
A
- Gradually moving from “safe” topics to more personal ones
31
Q
prejudice
A
- An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude towards a group and its members
- Stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and predisposition to discriminatory action
32
Q
discrimination
A
- Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
33
Q
ingroup/outgroup
A
- In-group: “us”, people with whom we share a common identity
- Out-group: “them”, those perceived as different or apart from our in-group
34
Q
institutional discrimination
A
- Prejudicial practices and policies within institutions that result in the systematic denial of resources and opportunities to members of subordinate groups
35
Q
When does conformity increase?
A
- One is made to feel incompetent or insecure
- The group has at least 3 people
- The group is unanimous
- The group exerting pressure is seen as “expert”
- Perceived reward for conforming
36
Q
Decision making process for bystander intervention
A
- Notices incident
- Interprets incident as emergency
- Assumes responsibility
- Attempts to help
37
Q
When does conformity decrease?
A
- The individual is given the opportunity to make an initial judgement different than that of the group
- If someone is trying to present themselves as intelligent, they tend not to conform
- Trying to maintain their uniqueness
38
Q
Non-conformity vs anti-conformity
A
- Non-conformity = not giving in to group pressure
- Anti-conformity = acting specifically against expectations to get a reaction from others
39
Q
When does obedience increase?
A
- People perceive the person giving orders as a legitimate authority figure
- The person giving orders didn’t see anyone else disobey
- The authority figure is backed by another authority figure
- The victim is depersonalized
