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*Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

Forms associations between stimuli (a CS and the US it signals)
Respondent behavior - behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulis

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3
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

Something that naturally causes a response

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4
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

-Reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

Previously neutral stimulus that causes a reaction

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6
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

Reaction to the conditioned response

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7
Q

Pavlov’s experiment/Baby Albert experiment

A

UCS: food
UCR: drooling
C/N S: bell
CS: droolinh

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8
Q

acquisition

A

The initial stage, when one links a neural stimulus and a US so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

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9
Q

extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response

US does not follow CS, CS no longer signals US

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10
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance after a pause of weakened CR

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11
Q

stimulus generalization

A

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit a similar response
Ex: fear of moving cars –> trucks

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12
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and a stimuli that do not signal a US
Pavlov’s dogs learned to respond to the sound of a particular tone and not other tones

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13
Q

operant conditioning

A

Behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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14
Q

BF Skinner

A

Thought that every learned behavior was developed through direct rewards and punishments

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15
Q

law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

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16
Q

shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers (food) guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

17
Q

positive reinforcer

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli

Ex: food, hug, paycheck

18
Q

negative reinforcer

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
Ex: taking aspirin, pushing snooze

19
Q

punishment

A

Anything in the environment that makes the behavior less likely to occur
Ex: earlier curfew, phone taken away, spanking

20
Q

primary reinforcers

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

21
Q

secondary reinforcers (conditioned reinforcers)

A

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
Ex: if light signals food, rat learns light = conditioned reinforcer

22
Q

fixed-ratio

A

Reinforcement comes after a set number of repetitions of behavior
Ex: coffee punch card

23
Q

variable-ratio

A

Reinforcement comes after an unknown number of repetitions of behavior
Ex: lottery/slot machine

24
Q

fixed-interval

A

Reinforcement comes after a set amount of time passes

25
Q

variable-interval

A

Reinforcement comes after am unknown amount of time passes

Ex: texting crush

26
Q

Observational Learning/ Modeling

A

Learning by imitating what you see and developing new behaviors based on their observation

27
Q

Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiments

A

Experimental group watched an adult go into a room with toys and beat up a Bobo Doll

28
Q

prosocial learning

A

Doing something that is helpful and good for society

29
Q

TV and observational learning

A

Correlated with antisocial behavior

Increases likelihood of becoming a criminal

30
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A

Watching someone else get rewarded (with the hope that it will increase the watcher’s behavior)
Child saw the model praised for his aggressive behavior

31
Q

vicarious punishment

A

Watching someone else get punished (with the hope that it will decrease the watcher’s behavior)
Child saw model chastised for his aggressive behavior

32
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

*Psychology (10 decks)

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