Social Psych Flashcards
1
Q
Casual attributions
- fundamental
- actor observer
- self serving
- ultimate attribution
- group attribution
A
- overestimate dispotional and underestimate situational factors in others
- attribute own to situation and others to dispotional
- attribute own to dispotional when it’s positive
- negative behaviours of in group is due to situational
- ## belayed of person is reflective or group as whole OR believe that decision by group reflects decision of each individual
2
Q
Judgement of other peoples behaviours (3)
A
- consensus - would others do the same?
- consistency - does person usually act this way in this situation ?
- distinctiveness- does personal usually act different in other situations?
3
Q
Automatic processing vs controlled
A
- outside of consciousness vs. Slow and effortful in conscious awareness
4
Q
Confirmation bias
Self verification theory
A
- seek feedback from and prefer to spend time with those that refinance our own views
5
Q
Illusory correlation
A
Overestimate relationship between 2 variables
6
Q
Base rate fallacy
A
Ignore or don’t use bare rate and influenced by distribution features of case
7
Q
False consensus effect
A
Overestimate extent other people share our values
8
Q
Gamblers fallacy
A
Event is affected by previous evened. And chances “even out”
9
Q
Counter factual thinking
A
Imagine what might have happened but didn’t
you’re not sticking with the facts - you’re using your imaginatio
10
Q
Illusory control
A
Can influences things outside of their control
11
Q
Illusion of transparency
A
Spotlight affect for thoughts an feelings
12
Q
Spotlight effect
A
People watch you (imaginary audience)
13
Q
Hindsight bias
A
Knew it all along
14
Q
Sunk cost fallacy
A
Continuing investing
15
Q
Heuristics
- representativeness
- conjunction fallacy
- availability heuristic
- anchoring and adjustment
- simulation
A
- ignore base rates and focus on prototype (quiet people are librarians but there are less librarians than teachers)
- odds of 2 things happening together than not
- base likelihood on how easy it is to recall
- estimate frequency by start point and then making upwards or downwards adjustment
- judge likelihood on how easy it is to imagine it (also imagine on others would feel too) imaginary simulation
16
Q
3 factors determine behaviour intention
A
- attitude
- what others think they should do
- confidence
17
Q
Prototype willingness model (of change)
- 2 paths
A
- reasons path (planned behaviour)
- social reaction path (believe about prototype’s likelihood of doing this behaviour and if behaviour is beat)
18
Q
Health belief model
A
- factors include things like severity of consequences, benefits of taking action, self efficacy, likelihood of getting disorder
19
Q
Elaboration likelihood model
- 2 routes
A
- central route - high level and thoughtful. Likely when message is relevant, and person is in neutral or bad mood
-peripheral route - automatic and likely when message is perceived as not important and person in a good mood. Attitude change is weak
20
Q
Social judgment theory (3 latitude)
A
- acceptance - acceptable similar to one position
- rejection - not acceptable because too different
- no commitment - considers because moderately different
- greater ego involvement = more rejection
21
Q
Balance theory (POX theory)
A
- person, another person, and object of event
- can create unbalance and be motivated to get balanced
jess and Gabi liking eachother because of me
22
Q
Cognitive dissonance
A
- decrease discomfort by adding or removing importance
23
Q
Self perception theory
A
- people learn about themselves by observing others
** how you perceive yourself*
ben self perception
24
Q
Overjustificstion effect
A
- external reinforcement decrease intrinsic motivation
you over justify why you’re gonna do something so you’re justifying the external reinforcements
25
Persuasion strategies
- alpha
- omega
- message factors
- attitude inoculation hypothesis
- overcome resistance by increasing approach forced (Change is good)
- neutralize resistance by decreasing avoidance
- likeable etc.
- u shape relationship between attitude change and message discrepancy (esp. moderate credibility)
- can increase resistance by immunizing ppl via present them with weak arguments and counter arguments
26
Primacy and recent effect
- primacy effect doesn’t happen when measure right after back to back arguments are presented
27
When does fear arousal work?
- works if they’re told they can do something about it
28
Recipient factors to persuasion
- self esteem
- intelligence
- age
- u shape
- linear (low iq more persuaded)
- u shape (young and old most persuaded)
29
Behavioural economics
- materialism
- scarcity
- loss aversion
- greater when they believe that acquiring goods will lead to happiness
- can lead to scarcity trap
- people feel worse when they lose rather than gain something (related to prospect theory)
30
Psychological reactance
Feel pressure to behave in certain way threatens their freedom so they do opposite
*only term with “reactance” so think of our freedoms being theeanted during covid*
31
Agentic state
- sees oneself as an agent carrying out someone else’s wishes (milgram)
32
Sherif autokinetic phenomenon study
- informational vs normative influence
- they conform bc they think others know more than they do (leads to private geniune acceptance)
- conform by fear of ridicule (no real acceptance)
33
Foot in the door
Door in the face
- make small request and increase
- make large request and decrease (perceptual contrast and mutual reciprocity)
34
Group effects on behaviour
- social facilitation
- social inhibition
- social loafing
- deindivudation
- improved performance in easy tasks or familiar
- decreased performance on difficult or new tasks
- aka free rider - contribute less because of diffusion of responsibility
- reduce behavioural restraints because loss of individuality
35
Minority influence
- rely on behaviour and opinion expressions
- more likely to lead to private, genuine acceptance
36
Task performance
- additive
- compensatory
- disjunctive
- conjunctive
- discretionary
- work alone, output is sum *add*
- work alone, output is average *workers compensate for eachother = average*
- members chose best solution (usually proposed by best member) *youre dissing the people that didn’t get chosen*
- all members contribute (limited by worst member)
- group decided how to split tasks *group discretion - only one in which group decides*
37
Group development (5 stages)
1) forming
2) storming
3) norming
4) performing
5) adjourning
1) rely on leader, act polite
2) power struggles
3) resolve conflict and create norms
4) work cooperatively
5) complete tasks and continue or group disbands
38
Social comparison theory
In uncertain situations, people compare themselves to others to gauge themselves and their feelings/thoughts
*this is what I had to do as an asian and now I compare myself a lot *
39
Attractions
- mere exposure effect
- law of attraction
- pratfall affect
- principle of reciprocity (generalized vs. Dydadic)
- gain loss effect
- like things we see a lot (unless too extreme and negative)
- like others that are similar
- competent person seems more attractive when they make a mistake (opposite of person is not competent)
- likers are more likeable vs. Relates to specific pairs
- like people who initially disliked us (like people who initially liked us and changed their minds more than those that constantly dislike us)
40
Emotions in relationships model
- unexpected behaviour = emotions
41
Sexual infidelity and double shot hypothesis
- men don’t like sexual infidelity
- woman don’t like emotional infidelity
- men believe woman can have emotional affairs with no sex but sex = emotional
- woman believe than men can have sexual affairs with no emotion but emotional affairs = sex
42
Standard apathy vs. Intervention (steps and barriers)
1) notice
2) interpret
3) responsible
4) how to help
5) help or not
1) stimulus overload (won’t notice)
2) pluralistic ignorance - inactivity of others
3) diffusion of responsibility
4) unable or incompetent
5) evaluation apprehension (negative evaluation from others)
43
Empathy-altruism hypothesis vs. Egoism/negative state relief model
- empathic concerns leads to help (more sustainable) vs. Provide help to relief owners distress and guilt
44
Sheriffs robers cave study
Aronson jigsaw study
- white boys
- divided classrooms into multi ethnic groups
- shared goals = reduced conflict and prejudice
45
Realistic conflict theory
Competition over resources
46
47
Social identity theory
Natural to categorize, identity, and favour groups
48
Scapegoat theory
Dominant groups vent frustration by discriminating against the weak
49
Authoritarian Personality theory
- 9 traits as a result of harsh upbringing
- F Davison scale
50
Terror management theory
- 2 assumptions 1) bio drive to stay alive 2) aware of own existence and threats to it
- this awareness created terror and then belief in worldviews /greater stereotyping
*think about how fear during Covid stereotypes the truckers*
51
Dehumaniztion
- blatant vs. Subtle
- deny humanness of out group and leads to aggression vs. Less human
- assign less secondary emotions to our group members
52
All ports contact hypothesis - when is contact best?
Contact between groups is best when they are equals, sanctioned by law, or share a goal
53
- overt racism
- covert racism (intentional vs. Unintentional)
- openly hostile
- aware of racism and tries to justify them and hide them vs. Unaware of racism
54
- symbolic racism
- aversive racism
- ambivalent racism
- egalitarian, prejudice doesn’t exist, hardships are from lack of effort
- unconscious negative beliefs acquired early in life, avoids them
- emotional tension due to conflicting attitudes
55
4 levels of racism
1) structured
2) institutional
3) interpersonal
4) internalized
1) laws and policies
2) policies and practices of institutions
3) behaviours of dominant groups
4) acceptance of own stereotypes
56
Ambivalent sexism theory
- 2 distinct but commentary components
1) hostile (sorry towards woman viewed as uprising men)
2) benevolent (affection towards submissive traditional woman)
57
- self stereotyping
- stereotype threat
- unconscious internalization (negative or positive)
- situational factors activate stereotypes (older people did worse on a task after reading about cognitive decline)
58
Shooter bias
- shoot blacks and refrain from shooting whites more
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