Social psyc Flashcards
who is more likely to have argued that the nature of society can make people “do bad thing”
Jean Jacque roussau or thomas hobbs
thomas hobbs
who believes that everyone is good and it is only their institutions that make him bad
Rousseau
who believes that everyone is by nature solitary, poore, nasty and brutish
Hobbes
Debates and dialogues weakness or strength
strength
what is the cognitive perspective
perception effects behaviour
- if treat bad behaviour as a accidental = unlikely to respond aggressively
- if treat behaviour as deliberate then may respond aggressively
what is the learning perspective
emphasis on principles of reinforcement
e.g. encourgement
Motivational perspective
emphasis on basic human needs
Biological perspective
evolutionary past and genetic disposition
Cultural perspective
emphasis how culture affects social behaviour
what are the 4 levels of explanation in social psyc
- intra- personal level
- inter-personal level
- inter-group level
- societal level
intRA-personal is based on
what goes on inside the person
intER-personal level
intERactions between two people
Inter-group
based on group level behaviour
societal level
cultural effects on behaviour
what was feud the first to draw attention to
- the study of the unconscious
- developmental aspects of personality
- taking cures
Hobbes claimed that a persons baser instincts were curbed by …
external sanctions
feud claimed that external restraints of society were internalised during
Childhood
what are the 3 subsystems involved in conflict
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
ID is the
most primitive part of the psych
- basic erges, need to gain sexual pleasures
- angel
EGO
reality principle
- satisfy the ID pragmatically in accordance with societal norms
SUPERGO
moral policeman
- rules of parents and society
- punishments if rules broken
- leads to intense anxiety
defense mechanisms
- displacement
impulses redirected into a different place
buring out sexual frustration while running on the tread mill
defense mechanisms
- reaction formation
original wish is supplanted w/ opposite
e.g opposites attract
defense mechanisms
projection
urges are projected onto others
defense mechanisms
isolation
awareness of memories but not emotions
e.g. isolating yourself away from emotions
descibe the phallic stage
(4-6yrs)
boys wants to sexually posses the mother - hating father
- fears father may find out and castrate (make hime anxious) him
fears father may find out and castrate (make hime anxious) him - during phallic stage leads to
castration anxiety
Electra complex
girl relises that she doesnt have penis - she is regarded as a catastrophe
- penis envy
- turns to father sexual atterntion - hates mother
what are the problems of feuds theories
- never actually studied children
- ideas not falsifable
- little experimental eviden to support ideas
what is experimental evidence w/ feuds
- data more appropriatly explained through other processes
- experiments supporting feuds claims are aften flawed
what is a flawed expirment of feuds
claimed that threating stimuli is repressed
- threating vs non-threating words through tachistoscope
- found threathing words to longer to report = supports idea of repression
what is repression
unconscious blocking of unpleasant emotions, impulses, memories, and thoughts from your conscious mind.
in the milgram experiment obedience was greatest when the…
learner was out out of site
in the milagram experiment when the teacher and learner were in the same room obedience
dropped to around 40%
obedience was highest when the authority figure was
close by and percieved as legitamate
when woman are teachers they obey ____ as much as men
just
_______ more likely to obey
authoritarians
what is self-fulfilling prophecy
peoples expectations lead them to act towards others in a way that brings about the expected behaviours - conforming there original opinion
Guards became ______ , the prisoners developed a sense of ______
disillusioned, efficacy
In the prison study, Zimbardo found, _____
Consistent with Milgram, evidence for situational factors underlying brutal behaviour
why was freud viewed as the modern day hobbes
he believed that the basic human condition was “seeking cauldron of pleasure seeking instincts
why would theiir be a conflict between instincts and demands of society
drives and impulses can never go away
think about it like a garden hose with lots of holes and water is squirting up - if you try to close them then other would just come through
what one of the 3 sub systems of conflict leads to anxiety
superego
T/F ID will not remain repressed but will always reappear
true
what age is oral stage
0-2 yrs
what ages is the anal stage
2-4years
what ages is the phallic stage
4-6yrs
what age is the latency stage
6-12yrs
what age is the genital stage
12+ years
if had problems with oral stage what would this lead to
oral fixation, smoking, drinking, thumb sucking
if had problems with anal stage what would this lead to
anal retentivenss, won’t spend money, doesn’t like giving, likes painting
if had problems with phallic stage what would this lead to
castration anxiety can lead to boy becoming gay
what did feud claim about children whose parent treat them harshly would redirect ….
aggressive instinct on to others who have less power
what does evidence suggest about authoritarian aggression is caused by
observatonal learning
what are the 3 components attiudes comprised of
- cognitive
- affective
- behavioural
what is the bogus pipe line
- technique of attitude measurement
- told that is measures minute changes in their muscle
- lie dected
what does electromyography measure
activity of facial muscle - emotions
e.g. electrical muscles
LaPiere - source of controversy invesigated what
relationship between attidues and behaviour
- chineses couple touring 50 hotels and 200 resturants
what 3 things does theory of planned behaviour demonstrate the relationship between attidue and behaviour
- and why many studies fail to finde relation because they don’t take these factors into account
- attitude towards behaviour
- noms support our attitude
- behaviour is under our control
what is the support for the theory of planned behaviour
blood donation, exercise regularly, drive safely
what dis himmelweit found in a 15yr study
- attidue stability and change
attitudes to capital punishment did not change
what is one reason that attitude can change
cognitive dissonance (harshness)
- behaviour is irreversible change our attitude
when are we more likely to to change attitude
if the message is presensted quickly, long, without hesitation
when are we more likley to be influenced by attidues if the source is
if the source is trustworthy, attractive, likeable
emotional appeals - fear can work in circumstances where ( 2 things) - drink driving ads
- the message evokes moderate to strong fear
- the message provides a feasible (low cost) way to reduce the threat
if we are influenced by the world however stand apart from normality what is this
attitude resilience
can measurements of attributions be internal or external
both
why would someone rate more internally on the likert scale fordoing well on their maths tests
because they were cleaver
why would someone more externally on the likert scale on doing well on their maths test
course was was easy
what attributional style is this I can’t seem to decide firmly on a career… this seems to be due to my unwillingness to face reality = more likely to blame themselves
pessimistic style
what attribution style is this : my carreer in the army has be chequered but on the whole characteristic of the army = blame others
optimistic style
do both optimistic and pessimistic style have negative experiences
yes
what are the two motivational basis of attributes
self esteem and control
if we behave positive then put this to own internal qualities can ____ self esteem
maintain
if we behave negative in some way then place this on same internal qualities then can ___ self-esteem
decrease
attributes can ____ control
enhance
why is control function not always postivie
people blame function e.g. rape etc
what level of analysis is this: focus on the criteria by which individuals analyse info and come to make an attribution
intra personal
what are the 2 main theories related to intra personal
- correspondence interence
- covariation and configuration
consistency, consensus or distinctiveness
if MR brown is always hostile to you
consistency,
consistency, consensus or distinctiveness
if other people are normally hostile to you
consensus
consistency, consensus or distinctiveness
if Mr Brown tends to be hostile to other people
distinctiveness
what level of analysis: deals with face to face attributions
interpersonal
what is the two main effects of inter personal
actor observer effect
self-serving bias
people tend to attribute the cause of their own actions to external factors, they tend to attribute the cause of others actions to internal cause. What interpersonal type is this?
actor -observer effect
people take credit for their successes by not their failures: what interpersonal level is this
self serving bias
what level of analysis is this: attributions at this level examine the way in which the members of different groups explain behaviour e.g, catholics and protestants
intergroup
what level of analysis is this: shows that while individuals from cultures favour dispositional explantation individuals from Non-western cultures tend to favour environment explanations
societal level
repeated exposure to any stimulus makes it more appealing what effect is this
mere exposure effect
what did mita et al claim about mere repeated exposure
we should prefer photos of our facial images as we see them in the mirror
Our friends should prefer a photo of us looking in the mirror or normal photo of our faces
normal photo of our faces as that is the one they see most often
personality differences conflict of interests etc can all lead to ___
antagonism
those that are emotionaly aroused rate others as more —
attractive
those men that cross the scary swing bridge were more likely to what to the female experimenter that asked them questions
more likely to ask for their phone number
from the walster et al experiment about the students reactions to blind date what did they find
the more attractive you were rated the more your wer liked by your date
what are the many benefits to attractiveness
- more likely to be hired for jobs
- students get better grades
what social influence is this: how the physical presence of others influences our behaviour e.g. will laugh if others laugh
social facilitation
what drives the theory of facilitation
the presence of others leads to increased arousal
our performance is ___ if our dominant response is appropriate
enhanced
diffusion of responsibiliy: the idea that as group size increases individual responsibility ___
decreases
presence of other people can have a bizarre or negative effect - what is this
deindividuation
drecrease in ____ leads to an increase in ant-social behaviour
self awareness
what study incorprated the in deindividuationdue to the roles
zimbardo
what did the philip zimbardo prision experiment examine
how social roles affected individual behaviour (guards/ prisoners)
what did the prisions had to refer the guards as in the prison experiment
“mr correctional officer”
what role did zimbardo take on the role as
prison superintendent
in the 1st phase of the prison experiment (settling in) what was found
- not fully in roles
- guards felt akward
- prisoners didn’t take them seriously
in the second phase of SPE what did they find
- guards more serious
- 1 prionser punished into hole - prisoners came angry and din’t follow orders
- “time for revolution had come”
in the 3rd phase of SPE what was found
- guards became brutal
- prisoners intimidated
how many days after the SPE starting did it have to be stopped because it got out of control
6 days
what does the SPE suggest about ordinary people
can be transfomed by immediate context to perform brutal acts - pervasive idea
thoses that took part in the SPE were more… and less
authoritarina, narcissistiv and socially dominant less empathetic and altruistic
why don’t people automativally take on roles
they need to identify with them
what was milgram work for the obedience study motivated by
world war 2
what was the purpose of the milgam experiment
to examin the effects of punishment on memory
why did people go to extreme on the obedience experiment
- responsiblity was on the experimenter
- small punishment to greater ones
- social identity
- experimenter was directive and seemed legit
what is prejuice
expression of negative affect or behaviour towards members of a group
what is this personality type: overly deferentia to those in authority whilst hostle towards those perceived as inferior
authoritarian personality
attitudes reflect the objective interests of the in-group with is this theory
realistic conflict theory
what is the most influential method of discrimination
minimal group paradigm
a scientific attempt to create an empty environment where researchers could then systemativally add varible that would elicit discrimination - what is this paradigm
minnimal goup paradigm
fundamental attribution error is not
inevitable
zajonc theory of social facilitation assumes that the presence of other
enchances welll practised response
