Human thought and behaviour Flashcards
What is the single unit of sound?
Phonemes (sounds)
Do all languages have the same phonemes?
no not all
How many phonemes are in the english language
40
What is the smallest language unit that carry meaning?
Morphemes
Semantic processing relies on processing ______
relies on processing content words
Syntactic processing relies on processing ______
function words
Syntax refers to …
structure of the language e.g. phrases and sentences
What is syntax cued by
word order
What age is cooing from? (baby vocal)
2months
When does reduplicated babbling begin
(using the same syllable over and over )
6-7 months
When does variegated babbling begin
11-12months
What is variegated babbling
using syllables with different consonants and vowels
At what age does a baby adapt to the language it hears
10months
Why do infants make a limited set of sounds
- Shape of infant infant vocal tract
- development of motor cortex
What is an example of under-extension
dog only for family dog but not other dogs
What is an example of overextension
dog refers to all 4 legged and haired animal e.g. cats and dog = dog
What is the definition of holophrases
A single word that stands for an entire statement
e.g. water meaning to play in water, drink water etc
At what age to children begin to combine word (make early sentances)
2 years old
What is later syntactic development and at what age does this begin to occur?
4 years, beginning to resemble adult language e.g. what plant is England on?
what are the 3 nativist views of language
- Children acquire language rapidly
- Children acquire language effortlessly
- Children acquire language without being taught
Invented language drawing on words and grammar from a group of languages ….
e.g. mixing languages together
Pidgins
What is creoles
when the pidgin is acquired as a native language
e.g. when children are born into this language environment (becomes more complex)
What is sensitive period?
the ideal time for acquiring certain parts of language (maturational constraints )
when does sensitive period end
ends by puberty once lateralization occurs
What are heuristics:
Shortcuts that are correct much of the time, doesn’t guarantee a solution, save time
What is availability heuristic
Probability estimates are influenced by how easy it is to retrieve info
what is position 1 from interrelation thought and behaviour lecture?
Language is independent of cognition
What is position 2 of from lecture interrelation of thought and behaviour?
Language influences cognition
what does the Whorfian Hypothesis involve
Having a specific language determines (strong version) or influences (weak version) how we think
What are the 3 evidence for a weak version of the whorfian hypothesis?
- colour processing
- space and time
- culture and thinking style
What colours pallets are involved in the basic universal focal colours
Black (dark)
White (light)
- and sometimes red
How many colour terms does english language have?
11
The Dani tribe in Papua new guinea has how many colour terms?
evidence against whorfian
light and dark
How many colour terms does Russia have
12
What is the Russian blues experiment
using the colour blue on a spectrum between Light (goluboy) and dark blue (siniy)
What language speakers were faster to discriminate colours between categories than within in categories due to their colour cognition
russian speakers
What is ego moving
perception of moving forward in space or time e.g. riding the chair
What is time moving
the perception that events move toward you e.g. putting a rope on a chair and moving it towards you whilst staying still
Temporal relations are often marked by ___ metaphors
spatial
e.g. fall behind schedule
Were english speakers faster with horizontal or vertical prime
horizontal
Were Mandarin speakers faster with horizontal of vertical prime
vertical
what does western style thinking involve
Analytic e.g. focus on objects and properties
What does eastern style thinking focus on
holistic e.g. emphasising contexts and relations between elements
definition of absolute thinking style
ignoring contextual info e,g, americans better
definition of relative thinking style
incorporating contextual info e.g. Japanese better
Samuel morron Believed what about intelligence
believed head size related to intelligence
- ranking of races
What was Paul broca idea about intelligence
heavier brain = more intelligence
What is the coined term for measuring of intelligence
eugenics
What does eugenics means
open to the idea of races
What did alfred binet develope
a test to predict school success
What did alfred binet believe about intelligence
- intelligence was performance on complex tasks with many levels of difficulty
- Intelligence was GENERAL ABILITY, not just the accumulation of knowledge
What can you compare mental age to with measuring the intelligence in children - IQ
compare to chronological age
the bell curve 1994, herrnstein and murray claimed alot about IQ but they were
deeply flawed
what is monozygotic
identical twins that share 100% of the same genes
what is dizygotic
fraternal twins that share only 50% of the same genes
what did the heritability study compare
adopted children compared with birth parent vs adoptive parent
what was the findings from the twin study
intelligent scores for both were really close
what is the limitation of the twin studies
assume that environments of identical twins are no more similar than those of fraternal twins or sibling
for twins research what do you have to be careful about when making a claim
the effect of the environment
what did the abecedarian project (north carolina) 1970s compare
Intervention vs non-intervention
Biology is not ____
Destiny
Intelligence is not ___
fixed
environmental factors relate to children’s ____ __
IQ scores
___ _____ does not mean uninfluenced by the environment
High heritability
why is the geneticists over-estimate genetic component, what don;t they consider
the gene X environment interaction
what are the 3 things that race tells us few little about
- there is much variation and overlap within each group
- within and between group differences might not have similar causes
- evidence for environmental effects on differences between ethnicities on intelligence scores
environment can influence the development of particular ___ ___
cognitive abilities
what did spencer, steele and Quinn (199) study
stereotypes have a negative impact on performance
what are the two studies that are used to estimate heritability
- resemblance between IQ of identical twins in diff enviro
- IQ scores of identical twins vs fraternal twins
what does r measure (correlation coefficient
the magnitude of relation between two varibles
correlation does not imply ______
causality
what are spearmans two factors theory
general factors (g)
specific factors (s)
what underlies the g factor
performance on all intelligence subtests
what does s factor do
specific to type of task
what is another way about thinking about g and s factors
athleticism
what is an example of the g factor
being good at one sport means you will be good at another
what is an example of the s factor
refers within cluster of sport
what our two other forms of g from cattell and horn
- fluid intelligence
- crystallised intelligence
what is fluid intelligence
ability to learn perceive relationships, deal w/ new problems
what is crystallised intelligence
acquired knowledge from culture
over time with age what happens to fluid intelligence
stops increasing and begins to decline after adolescence
over time with age what happens w/ crystallised intelligence
continues to increase with age
what can intelligent scores predict
job performance
creativtiy
health and wellbeing
what does sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence of successful intelligence
people are intelligent in their day- to- day lives
- not just academic success, success in life
what are the three skills of sternbergs triarchi theory of intelligence
- analytic
- creative
- practical
analytic intelligence is about
using memory
- what is typically measured on IQ test
what is creativity about
- generate ideas
what is practical intelligence
street smarts
- carrying out the ideas
what did gardener’s believe w/ his theory of multiple intelligences
- no such thing as single, unified intelligence
- many types of intelligence
- some people may be high in some types and low in others
what is bodily kinesthetic
fine control over motor behaviour
what type of view does gardeners thory involve
modular view of the mind
____ relations are often marked by spatial metaphors
temporal
Boroditsky (2001) spatial metaphors for ____
time
Mandarin speakers
think about time vertically e.g. up for earlier events, down for later events
English speakers think about time
horzontal terms
e.g., ahaead, behind, foward
what is a holophrases
a single word stands for an entire statement
what a protowords
non-verbal functions of language e.g. sounds
what is broca aphraisa
when the words are all scrambled
what is wernickes’ area aphasia
difficult to understand language comprehension and have a harder time processing words
what is analogical mental representation examples
- Picture of dog, represents concept of dog, but also has many similarities to an actual dog
what is Symbolic representation
represent any kind of content but don’t resemble what it is they stand for
what is an example of accommodation
seeing a rabbit and calling it a rabbit
what is an example of assimulation
seeing rabit and saying dog
what is a direct recall test
a test of memory of mind in which participants are presented with stimuli and then, after a delay, are asked to remember as many of the stimuli as possible
what is a free recall test
method of measuring the vitality of attention and memory
what is a holophase
a single word that stands for a sentance e.g. water = lets go jump in the water
when do children combine words
2yers
when do children start making adult sentences (later syntactic(“on”) development)
4years
what is analogical representation
mental images
what is symbolic representation
internal statements
what are symbols represent
content but not what they stand for
what are proposition
statements that express idea
- e.g. props represent character
what is deductive reasoning
general to specfic
what is indeductive reasoning
specfic to general
- e.g. watching the sun rise today and yesturday = concludes that the sun rises everyday
what is beleif bias focus
plausibility rather than logical
- all humans can be evil, children are human, all children can be evil
confirmation bias seeks
seeks info that confirms what already is believes
- want a definite answer
what is informal reasoning lead to
heuristics
what is a means - end analysis and structure
step by step to get to goal - make moves, pause, then continue
what is hill climbing
changing present state of problem so one step closer to solve problem
how do you solve analogy
structure similarity + content similarity
what does obstacles to problem solving involve
functional fixedness - candle to wall, mental set
what is the most representative colour of the colour category
Berlin and Kay
focal colour
does a lack of colour name influence perception the colour - what language showed this
russian blues experiment
what does goluboy mean
light blue
what does siniy mean
dark blue
what lanuguage showed no category advantage
english
what were russian speakers influenced from that english speakers werent
verbal interference
what are temporal relations oftern marked by ____ metaphors
spatial e..g fall behind schedule
what is dialectical proverb meaning and what countries
beware of friends not enemies
- eastern
what is non-dialectical proverb and what countries
one against all is certain to fail
- western
is their evidence that the language we speak influences thought
STRONG version - not enough
WEAK - increasing evidence
how does colour perception influence thought
language reinforces categories
how does time influence thought
spatial metaphors reinforce habitual ways of thinking about time
how does thinking style influence thought
the language one speaks can generate a specific style of thinking
what did samuel morton believe about intelligence
the bigger head size the more intelligent
what did paul broca believe intelligence was defined by
heavier weight of brain = more intellgence
what did francis galton do
made first systematic attempt to measure intelligence
- examines whether performance on task relate to how smart other people think a person is
what did galton find
no relation to social class
who is the father of modern day intelligence
alfred binet
what did alfred binet believe
intelligence was a genrral ability not just the accumulation of knowledge
in the binet stanford IQ test for groups what was this down with
paper and pencil task
what is postive correlation
as one varible increases other will also increase
what is a negative correlation
as one increases the othe will decrease
fluid intelligence with age over time
begins to decrease after adolescence
crystallised intelligence with age over time
continues to increase
what was gardners thory about intelligence
multiple types of intelligent
when two sentences have identical surface structures but differ in their underlying deep structure what is this
ambiguity
what are the 2 changes we have seen with modern IQ test
Mental age with standard score, development of subscore
what do isolated children like genie, adult learners of new language and broca’s aphasics have in common with respect to language
trouble using closed class words
