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PSYC112 > Human thought and behaviour > Flashcards

Human thought and behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is the single unit of sound?

A

Phonemes (sounds)

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2
Q

Do all languages have the same phonemes?

A

no not all

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3
Q

How many phonemes are in the english language

A

40

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4
Q

What is the smallest language unit that carry meaning?

A

Morphemes

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5
Q

Semantic processing relies on processing ______

A

relies on processing content words

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6
Q

Syntactic processing relies on processing ______

A

function words

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7
Q

Syntax refers to …

A

structure of the language e.g. phrases and sentences

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8
Q

What is syntax cued by

A

word order

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9
Q

What age is cooing from? (baby vocal)

A

2months

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10
Q

When does reduplicated babbling begin
(using the same syllable over and over )

A

6-7 months

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11
Q

When does variegated babbling begin

A

11-12months

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12
Q

What is variegated babbling

A

using syllables with different consonants and vowels

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13
Q

At what age does a baby adapt to the language it hears

A

10months

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14
Q

Why do infants make a limited set of sounds

A
  • Shape of infant infant vocal tract
  • development of motor cortex
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15
Q

What is an example of under-extension

A

dog only for family dog but not other dogs

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16
Q

What is an example of overextension

A

dog refers to all 4 legged and haired animal e.g. cats and dog = dog

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17
Q

What is the definition of holophrases

A

A single word that stands for an entire statement
e.g. water meaning to play in water, drink water etc

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18
Q

At what age to children begin to combine word (make early sentances)

A

2 years old

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19
Q

What is later syntactic development and at what age does this begin to occur?

A

4 years, beginning to resemble adult language e.g. what plant is England on?

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20
Q

what are the 3 nativist views of language

A
  1. Children acquire language rapidly
  2. Children acquire language effortlessly
  3. Children acquire language without being taught
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21
Q

Invented language drawing on words and grammar from a group of languages ….
e.g. mixing languages together

A

Pidgins

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22
Q

What is creoles

A

when the pidgin is acquired as a native language
e.g. when children are born into this language environment (becomes more complex)

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23
Q

What is sensitive period?

A

the ideal time for acquiring certain parts of language (maturational constraints )

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24
Q

when does sensitive period end

A

ends by puberty once lateralization occurs

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25
Q

What are heuristics:

A

Shortcuts that are correct much of the time, doesn’t guarantee a solution, save time

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26
Q

What is availability heuristic

A

Probability estimates are influenced by how easy it is to retrieve info

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27
Q

what is position 1 from interrelation thought and behaviour lecture?

A

Language is independent of cognition

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28
Q

What is position 2 of from lecture interrelation of thought and behaviour?

A

Language influences cognition

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29
Q

what does the Whorfian Hypothesis involve

A

Having a specific language determines (strong version) or influences (weak version) how we think

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30
Q

What are the 3 evidence for a weak version of the whorfian hypothesis?

A
  1. colour processing
  2. space and time
  3. culture and thinking style
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31
Q

What colours pallets are involved in the basic universal focal colours

A

Black (dark)
White (light)
- and sometimes red

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32
Q

How many colour terms does english language have?

A

11

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33
Q

The Dani tribe in Papua new guinea has how many colour terms?
evidence against whorfian

A

light and dark

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34
Q

How many colour terms does Russia have

A

12

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35
Q

What is the Russian blues experiment

A

using the colour blue on a spectrum between Light (goluboy) and dark blue (siniy)

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36
Q

What language speakers were faster to discriminate colours between categories than within in categories due to their colour cognition

A

russian speakers

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37
Q

What is ego moving

A

perception of moving forward in space or time e.g. riding the chair

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38
Q

What is time moving

A

the perception that events move toward you e.g. putting a rope on a chair and moving it towards you whilst staying still

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39
Q

Temporal relations are often marked by ___ metaphors

A

spatial
e.g. fall behind schedule

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40
Q

Were english speakers faster with horizontal or vertical prime

A

horizontal

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41
Q

Were Mandarin speakers faster with horizontal of vertical prime

A

vertical

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42
Q

what does western style thinking involve

A

Analytic e.g. focus on objects and properties

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43
Q

What does eastern style thinking focus on

A

holistic e.g. emphasising contexts and relations between elements

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44
Q

definition of absolute thinking style

A

ignoring contextual info e,g, americans better

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45
Q

definition of relative thinking style

A

incorporating contextual info e.g. Japanese better

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46
Q

Samuel morron Believed what about intelligence

A

believed head size related to intelligence
- ranking of races

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47
Q

What was Paul broca idea about intelligence

A

heavier brain = more intelligence

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48
Q

What is the coined term for measuring of intelligence

A

eugenics

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49
Q

What does eugenics means

A

open to the idea of races

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50
Q

What did alfred binet develope

A

a test to predict school success

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51
Q

What did alfred binet believe about intelligence

A
  • intelligence was performance on complex tasks with many levels of difficulty
  • Intelligence was GENERAL ABILITY, not just the accumulation of knowledge
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52
Q

What can you compare mental age to with measuring the intelligence in children - IQ

A

compare to chronological age

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53
Q

the bell curve 1994, herrnstein and murray claimed alot about IQ but they were

A

deeply flawed

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54
Q

what is monozygotic

A

identical twins that share 100% of the same genes

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55
Q

what is dizygotic

A

fraternal twins that share only 50% of the same genes

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56
Q

what did the heritability study compare

A

adopted children compared with birth parent vs adoptive parent

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57
Q

what was the findings from the twin study

A

intelligent scores for both were really close

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58
Q

what is the limitation of the twin studies

A

assume that environments of identical twins are no more similar than those of fraternal twins or sibling

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59
Q

for twins research what do you have to be careful about when making a claim

A

the effect of the environment

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60
Q

what did the abecedarian project (north carolina) 1970s compare

A

Intervention vs non-intervention

61
Q

Biology is not ____

A

Destiny

62
Q

Intelligence is not ___

A

fixed

63
Q

environmental factors relate to children’s ____ __

A

IQ scores

64
Q

___ _____ does not mean uninfluenced by the environment

A

High heritability

65
Q

why is the geneticists over-estimate genetic component, what don;t they consider

A

the gene X environment interaction

66
Q

what are the 3 things that race tells us few little about

A
  1. there is much variation and overlap within each group
  2. within and between group differences might not have similar causes
  3. evidence for environmental effects on differences between ethnicities on intelligence scores
67
Q

environment can influence the development of particular ___ ___

A

cognitive abilities

68
Q

what did spencer, steele and Quinn (199) study

A

stereotypes have a negative impact on performance

69
Q

what are the two studies that are used to estimate heritability

A
  • resemblance between IQ of identical twins in diff enviro
  • IQ scores of identical twins vs fraternal twins
70
Q

what does r measure (correlation coefficient

A

the magnitude of relation between two varibles

71
Q

correlation does not imply ______

A

causality

72
Q

what are spearmans two factors theory

A

general factors (g)
specific factors (s)

73
Q

what underlies the g factor

A

performance on all intelligence subtests

74
Q

what does s factor do

A

specific to type of task

75
Q

what is another way about thinking about g and s factors

A

athleticism

76
Q

what is an example of the g factor

A

being good at one sport means you will be good at another

77
Q

what is an example of the s factor

A

refers within cluster of sport

78
Q

what our two other forms of g from cattell and horn

A
  • fluid intelligence
  • crystallised intelligence
79
Q

what is fluid intelligence

A

ability to learn perceive relationships, deal w/ new problems

80
Q

what is crystallised intelligence

A

acquired knowledge from culture

81
Q

over time with age what happens to fluid intelligence

A

stops increasing and begins to decline after adolescence

82
Q

over time with age what happens w/ crystallised intelligence

A

continues to increase with age

83
Q

what can intelligent scores predict

A

job performance
creativtiy
health and wellbeing

84
Q

what does sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence of successful intelligence

A

people are intelligent in their day- to- day lives
- not just academic success, success in life

85
Q

what are the three skills of sternbergs triarchi theory of intelligence

A
  1. analytic
  2. creative
  3. practical
86
Q

analytic intelligence is about

A

using memory
- what is typically measured on IQ test

87
Q

what is creativity about

A
  • generate ideas
88
Q

what is practical intelligence

A

street smarts
- carrying out the ideas

89
Q

what did gardener’s believe w/ his theory of multiple intelligences

A
  • no such thing as single, unified intelligence
  • many types of intelligence
  • some people may be high in some types and low in others
90
Q

what is bodily kinesthetic

A

fine control over motor behaviour

91
Q

what type of view does gardeners thory involve

A

modular view of the mind

92
Q

____ relations are often marked by spatial metaphors

A

temporal

93
Q

Boroditsky (2001) spatial metaphors for ____

A

time

94
Q

Mandarin speakers

A

think about time vertically e.g. up for earlier events, down for later events

95
Q

English speakers think about time

A

horzontal terms
e.g., ahaead, behind, foward

96
Q

what is a holophrases

A

a single word stands for an entire statement

97
Q

what a protowords

A

non-verbal functions of language e.g. sounds

98
Q

what is broca aphraisa

A

when the words are all scrambled

99
Q

what is wernickes’ area aphasia

A

difficult to understand language comprehension and have a harder time processing words

100
Q

what is analogical mental representation examples

A
  • Picture of dog, represents concept of dog, but also has many similarities to an actual dog
101
Q

what is Symbolic representation

A

represent any kind of content but don’t resemble what it is they stand for

102
Q

what is an example of accommodation

A

seeing a rabbit and calling it a rabbit

103
Q

what is an example of assimulation

A

seeing rabit and saying dog

104
Q

what is a direct recall test

A

a test of memory of mind in which participants are presented with stimuli and then, after a delay, are asked to remember as many of the stimuli as possible

105
Q

what is a free recall test

A

method of measuring the vitality of attention and memory

106
Q

what is a holophase

A

a single word that stands for a sentance e.g. water = lets go jump in the water

107
Q

when do children combine words

A

2yers

108
Q

when do children start making adult sentences (later syntactic(“on”) development)

A

4years

109
Q

what is analogical representation

A

mental images

110
Q

what is symbolic representation

A

internal statements

111
Q

what are symbols represent

A

content but not what they stand for

112
Q

what are proposition

A

statements that express idea
- e.g. props represent character

113
Q

what is deductive reasoning

A

general to specfic

114
Q

what is indeductive reasoning

A

specfic to general
- e.g. watching the sun rise today and yesturday = concludes that the sun rises everyday

115
Q

what is beleif bias focus

A

plausibility rather than logical
- all humans can be evil, children are human, all children can be evil

116
Q

confirmation bias seeks

A

seeks info that confirms what already is believes
- want a definite answer

117
Q

what is informal reasoning lead to

A

heuristics

118
Q

what is a means - end analysis and structure

A

step by step to get to goal - make moves, pause, then continue

119
Q

what is hill climbing

A

changing present state of problem so one step closer to solve problem

120
Q

how do you solve analogy

A

structure similarity + content similarity

121
Q

what does obstacles to problem solving involve

A

functional fixedness - candle to wall, mental set

122
Q

what is the most representative colour of the colour category
Berlin and Kay

A

focal colour

123
Q

does a lack of colour name influence perception the colour - what language showed this

A

russian blues experiment

124
Q

what does goluboy mean

A

light blue

125
Q

what does siniy mean

A

dark blue

126
Q

what lanuguage showed no category advantage

A

english

127
Q

what were russian speakers influenced from that english speakers werent

A

verbal interference

128
Q

what are temporal relations oftern marked by ____ metaphors

A

spatial e..g fall behind schedule

129
Q

what is dialectical proverb meaning and what countries

A

beware of friends not enemies
- eastern

130
Q

what is non-dialectical proverb and what countries

A

one against all is certain to fail
- western

131
Q

is their evidence that the language we speak influences thought

A

STRONG version - not enough
WEAK - increasing evidence

132
Q

how does colour perception influence thought

A

language reinforces categories

133
Q

how does time influence thought

A

spatial metaphors reinforce habitual ways of thinking about time

134
Q

how does thinking style influence thought

A

the language one speaks can generate a specific style of thinking

135
Q

what did samuel morton believe about intelligence

A

the bigger head size the more intelligent

136
Q

what did paul broca believe intelligence was defined by

A

heavier weight of brain = more intellgence

137
Q

what did francis galton do

A

made first systematic attempt to measure intelligence
- examines whether performance on task relate to how smart other people think a person is

138
Q

what did galton find

A

no relation to social class

139
Q

who is the father of modern day intelligence

A

alfred binet

140
Q

what did alfred binet believe

A

intelligence was a genrral ability not just the accumulation of knowledge

141
Q

in the binet stanford IQ test for groups what was this down with

A

paper and pencil task

142
Q

what is postive correlation

A

as one varible increases other will also increase

143
Q

what is a negative correlation

A

as one increases the othe will decrease

144
Q

fluid intelligence with age over time

A

begins to decrease after adolescence

145
Q

crystallised intelligence with age over time

A

continues to increase

146
Q

what was gardners thory about intelligence

A

multiple types of intelligent

147
Q

when two sentences have identical surface structures but differ in their underlying deep structure what is this

A

ambiguity

148
Q

what are the 2 changes we have seen with modern IQ test

A

Mental age with standard score, development of subscore

149
Q

what do isolated children like genie, adult learners of new language and broca’s aphasics have in common with respect to language

A

trouble using closed class words

PSYC112 (6 decks)

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