Human thought and behaviour Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What is the single unit of sound?
A
Phonemes (sounds)
2
Q
Do all languages have the same phonemes?
A
no not all
3
Q
How many phonemes are in the english language
A
40
4
Q
What is the smallest language unit that carry meaning?
A
Morphemes
5
Q
Semantic processing relies on processing ______
A
relies on processing content words
6
Q
Syntactic processing relies on processing ______
A
function words
7
Q
Syntax refers to …
A
structure of the language e.g. phrases and sentences
8
Q
What is syntax cued by
A
word order
9
Q
What age is cooing from? (baby vocal)
A
2months
10
Q
When does reduplicated babbling begin
(using the same syllable over and over )
A
6-7 months
11
Q
When does variegated babbling begin
A
11-12months
12
Q
What is variegated babbling
A
using syllables with different consonants and vowels
13
Q
At what age does a baby adapt to the language it hears
A
10months
14
Q
Why do infants make a limited set of sounds
A
- Shape of infant infant vocal tract
- development of motor cortex
15
Q
What is an example of under-extension
A
dog only for family dog but not other dogs
16
Q
What is an example of overextension
A
dog refers to all 4 legged and haired animal e.g. cats and dog = dog
17
Q
What is the definition of holophrases
A
A single word that stands for an entire statement
e.g. water meaning to play in water, drink water etc
18
Q
At what age to children begin to combine word (make early sentances)
A
2 years old
19
Q
What is later syntactic development and at what age does this begin to occur?
A
4 years, beginning to resemble adult language e.g. what plant is England on?
20
Q
what are the 3 nativist views of language
A
- Children acquire language rapidly
- Children acquire language effortlessly
- Children acquire language without being taught
21
Q
Invented language drawing on words and grammar from a group of languages ….
e.g. mixing languages together
A
Pidgins
22
Q
What is creoles
A
when the pidgin is acquired as a native language
e.g. when children are born into this language environment (becomes more complex)
23
Q
What is sensitive period?
A
the ideal time for acquiring certain parts of language (maturational constraints )
24
Q
when does sensitive period end
A
ends by puberty once lateralization occurs
25
What are heuristics:
Shortcuts that are correct much of the time, doesn't guarantee a solution, save time
26
What is availability heuristic
Probability estimates are influenced by how easy it is to retrieve info
27
what is position 1 from interrelation thought and behaviour lecture?
Language is independent of cognition
28
What is position 2 of from lecture interrelation of thought and behaviour?
Language influences cognition
29
what does the Whorfian Hypothesis involve
Having a specific language determines (strong version) or influences (weak version) how we think
30
What are the 3 evidence for a weak version of the whorfian hypothesis?
1. colour processing
2. space and time
3. culture and thinking style
31
What colours pallets are involved in the basic universal focal colours
Black (dark)
White (light)
- and sometimes red
32
How many colour terms does english language have?
11
33
The Dani tribe in Papua new guinea has how many colour terms?
evidence against whorfian
light and dark
34
How many colour terms does Russia have
12
35
What is the Russian blues experiment
using the colour blue on a spectrum between Light (goluboy) and dark blue (siniy)
36
What language speakers were faster to discriminate colours between categories than within in categories due to their colour cognition
russian speakers
37
What is ego moving
perception of moving forward in space or time e.g. riding the chair
38
What is time moving
the perception that events move toward you e.g. putting a rope on a chair and moving it towards you whilst staying still
39
Temporal relations are often marked by ___ metaphors
spatial
e.g. fall behind schedule
40
Were english speakers faster with horizontal or vertical prime
horizontal
41
Were Mandarin speakers faster with horizontal of vertical prime
vertical
42
what does western style thinking involve
Analytic e.g. focus on objects and properties
43
What does eastern style thinking focus on
holistic e.g. emphasising contexts and relations between elements
44
definition of absolute thinking style
ignoring contextual info e,g, americans better
45
definition of relative thinking style
incorporating contextual info e.g. Japanese better
46
Samuel morron Believed what about intelligence
believed head size related to intelligence
- ranking of races
47
What was Paul broca idea about intelligence
heavier brain = more intelligence
48
What is the coined term for measuring of intelligence
eugenics
49
What does eugenics means
open to the idea of races
50
What did alfred binet develope
a test to predict school success
51
What did alfred binet believe about intelligence
- intelligence was performance on complex tasks with many levels of difficulty
- Intelligence was GENERAL ABILITY, not just the accumulation of knowledge
52
What can you compare mental age to with measuring the intelligence in children - IQ
compare to chronological age
53
the bell curve 1994, herrnstein and murray claimed alot about IQ but they were
deeply flawed
54
what is monozygotic
identical twins that share 100% of the same genes
55
what is dizygotic
fraternal twins that share only 50% of the same genes
56
what did the heritability study compare
adopted children compared with birth parent vs adoptive parent
57
what was the findings from the twin study
intelligent scores for both were really close
58
what is the limitation of the twin studies
assume that environments of identical twins are no more similar than those of fraternal twins or sibling
59
for twins research what do you have to be careful about when making a claim
the effect of the environment
60
what did the abecedarian project (north carolina) 1970s compare
Intervention vs non-intervention
61
Biology is not ____
Destiny
62
Intelligence is not ___
fixed
63
environmental factors relate to children's ____ __
IQ scores
64
___ _____ does not mean uninfluenced by the environment
High heritability
65
why is the geneticists over-estimate genetic component, what don;t they consider
the gene X environment interaction
66
what are the 3 things that race tells us few little about
1. there is much variation and overlap within each group
2. within and between group differences might not have similar causes
3. evidence for environmental effects on differences between ethnicities on intelligence scores
67
environment can influence the development of particular ___ ___
cognitive abilities
68
what did spencer, steele and Quinn (199) study
stereotypes have a negative impact on performance
69
what are the two studies that are used to estimate heritability
- resemblance between IQ of identical twins in diff enviro
- IQ scores of identical twins vs fraternal twins
70
what does r measure (correlation coefficient
the magnitude of relation between two varibles
71
correlation does not imply ______
causality
72
what are spearmans two factors theory
general factors (g)
specific factors (s)
73
what underlies the g factor
performance on all intelligence subtests
74
what does s factor do
specific to type of task
75
what is another way about thinking about g and s factors
athleticism
76
what is an example of the g factor
being good at one sport means you will be good at another
77
what is an example of the s factor
refers within cluster of sport
78
what our two other forms of g from cattell and horn
- fluid intelligence
- crystallised intelligence
79
what is fluid intelligence
ability to learn perceive relationships, deal w/ new problems
80
what is crystallised intelligence
acquired knowledge from culture
81
over time with age what happens to fluid intelligence
stops increasing and begins to decline after adolescence
82
over time with age what happens w/ crystallised intelligence
continues to increase with age
83
what can intelligent scores predict
job performance
creativtiy
health and wellbeing
84
what does sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence of successful intelligence
people are intelligent in their day- to- day lives
- not just academic success, success in life
85
what are the three skills of sternbergs triarchi theory of intelligence
1. analytic
2. creative
3. practical
86
analytic intelligence is about
using memory
- what is typically measured on IQ test
87
what is creativity about
- generate ideas
88
what is practical intelligence
street smarts
- carrying out the ideas
89
what did gardener's believe w/ his theory of multiple intelligences
- no such thing as single, unified intelligence
- many types of intelligence
- some people may be high in some types and low in others
90
what is bodily kinesthetic
fine control over motor behaviour
91
what type of view does gardeners thory involve
modular view of the mind
92
____ relations are often marked by spatial metaphors
temporal
93
Boroditsky (2001) spatial metaphors for ____
time
94
Mandarin speakers
think about time vertically e.g. up for earlier events, down for later events
95
English speakers think about time
horzontal terms
e.g., ahaead, behind, foward
96
what is a holophrases
a single word stands for an entire statement
97
what a protowords
non-verbal functions of language e.g. sounds
98
what is broca aphraisa
when the words are all scrambled
99
what is wernickes' area aphasia
difficult to understand language comprehension and have a harder time processing words
100
what is analogical mental representation examples
- Picture of dog, represents concept of dog, but also has many similarities to an actual dog
101
what is Symbolic representation
represent any kind of content but don't resemble what it is they stand for
102
what is an example of accommodation
seeing a rabbit and calling it a rabbit
103
what is an example of assimulation
seeing rabit and saying dog
104
what is a direct recall test
a test of memory of mind in which participants are presented with stimuli and then, after a delay, are asked to remember as many of the stimuli as possible
105
what is a free recall test
method of measuring the vitality of attention and memory
106
what is a holophase
a single word that stands for a sentance e.g. water = lets go jump in the water
107
when do children combine words
2yers
108
when do children start making adult sentences (later syntactic("on") development)
4years
109
what is analogical representation
mental images
110
what is symbolic representation
internal statements
111
what are symbols represent
content but not what they stand for
112
what are proposition
statements that express idea
- e.g. props represent character
113
what is deductive reasoning
general to specfic
114
what is indeductive reasoning
specfic to general
- e.g. watching the sun rise today and yesturday = concludes that the sun rises everyday
115
what is beleif bias focus
plausibility rather than logical
- all humans can be evil, children are human, all children can be evil
116
confirmation bias seeks
seeks info that confirms what already is believes
- want a definite answer
117
what is informal reasoning lead to
heuristics
118
what is a means - end analysis and structure
step by step to get to goal - make moves, pause, then continue
119
what is hill climbing
changing present state of problem so one step closer to solve problem
120
how do you solve analogy
structure similarity + content similarity
121
what does obstacles to problem solving involve
functional fixedness - candle to wall, mental set
122
what is the most representative colour of the colour category
Berlin and Kay
focal colour
123
does a lack of colour name influence perception the colour - what language showed this
russian blues experiment
124
what does goluboy mean
light blue
125
what does siniy mean
dark blue
126
what lanuguage showed no category advantage
english
127
what were russian speakers influenced from that english speakers werent
verbal interference
128
what are temporal relations oftern marked by ____ metaphors
spatial e..g fall behind schedule
129
what is dialectical proverb meaning and what countries
beware of friends not enemies
- eastern
130
what is non-dialectical proverb and what countries
one against all is certain to fail
- western
131
is their evidence that the language we speak influences thought
STRONG version - not enough
WEAK - increasing evidence
132
how does colour perception influence thought
language reinforces categories
133
how does time influence thought
spatial metaphors reinforce habitual ways of thinking about time
134
how does thinking style influence thought
the language one speaks can generate a specific style of thinking
135
what did samuel morton believe about intelligence
the bigger head size the more intelligent
136
what did paul broca believe intelligence was defined by
heavier weight of brain = more intellgence
137
what did francis galton do
made first systematic attempt to measure intelligence
- examines whether performance on task relate to how smart other people think a person is
138
what did galton find
no relation to social class
139
who is the father of modern day intelligence
alfred binet
140
what did alfred binet believe
intelligence was a genrral ability not just the accumulation of knowledge
141
in the binet stanford IQ test for groups what was this down with
paper and pencil task
142
what is postive correlation
as one varible increases other will also increase
143
what is a negative correlation
as one increases the othe will decrease
144
fluid intelligence with age over time
begins to decrease after adolescence
145
crystallised intelligence with age over time
continues to increase
146
what was gardners thory about intelligence
multiple types of intelligent
147
when two sentences have identical surface structures but differ in their underlying deep structure what is this
ambiguity
148
what are the 2 changes we have seen with modern IQ test
Mental age with standard score, development of subscore
149
what do isolated children like genie, adult learners of new language and broca's aphasics have in common with respect to language
trouble using closed class words
