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PSYC112 > child behaviour > Flashcards

child behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

what is the term for development

A

the sequence of physical and psychological changes that human beings undergo as the grow older
- lifespan

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2
Q

what is the term for development psychology

A

the scientific study of age-related changes in behaviour, thinking, emotion and personality

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3
Q

what are the 3 big general Q’s in development psyc

A
  1. continuity and change
  2. source of development
  3. individual difference
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4
Q

what is continuity and change about

A

what changes over time

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5
Q

what is sources of development about

A

Nature vs nurture debate
- the way we develop in our environment

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6
Q

what is individual difference about

A

no two humans are alike
- what makes individuals different e.g. genetics, environment

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7
Q

what are the 4 ways data is collected in deve psyc

A
  1. self report
  2. observation
  3. experimental methods
  4. clinical interview methods
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8
Q

what are the 2 main ways to research in psyc deve

A
  1. longitudinal design
  2. cross- sectional design
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9
Q

what is longitudinal design

A

same group of people and look at them over time - time consuming process

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10
Q

what is cross- sectional design

A

different ages e.g. kids and adults

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11
Q

what does cognition mean

A

intellectual growth

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12
Q

what are some examples of cognition

A

memory, attention, learning, perception

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13
Q

who is the father of cognitive development

A

jean piaget (1896-1980_

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14
Q

what did piaget propose

A

a squence of development that all normal children follow

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15
Q

what are the 4 stages that piaget developed

A
  1. sensorimotor stage
  2. preopertional stage
  3. concrete operation stage
  4. formal operation stage
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16
Q

how long is the sensorimotor stage

A

from birth to 2years

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17
Q

sensorimotor stage means

A

“thinking is doing” and its about sensory and motor

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18
Q

what does object permanece about

A

that the object doesn’t exist when they are out of sight

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19
Q

@ birth - 3months sensorimotor stage kids would

A

look at visual e.g. finger puppet or turn head towards a noise

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20
Q

@ 3months sensorimotor stage kids would

A

follow the moving object w/ their eyes, star at place disappears but won’t search for object

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21
Q

@ 5months sensorimotor stage kids would

A

anticipate future position of object e.g. if something leaves from one side it will return from the other

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22
Q

@ 8 months sensorimotor stage kids would

A

“A not B effect”
- search the place the object was last seen but not where it went to

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23
Q

@ 12months sensorimotor stage kids would

A

will search the place they last SAW the object

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24
Q

what is schema formation

A

mental representation that defines a particular behaviour category
e.g. like a blue print

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25
Q

what is assimilation of schema formation

A

New info modified to fit with schema e.g. Seeing a rabbit and call it dog

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26
Q

what is accomodation of schema formation

A

process by which an existing schema is modifies or changed by new experience e.g. seeing a rabbit and saying rabbit

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27
Q

what is representational thought

A

ability to form mental representations of others behaviour
e.g. visualising an image

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28
Q

when does the representational though occur during the sensorimotor stage

A

around 2years - near the end

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29
Q

what is mental representation an instrumental in

A
  • limitation
  • deferred limitation
  • symoblic play e.g. using glass case as phone
  • use of words representing objects
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30
Q

when does the pre-operational stage occur

A

2-7 years

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31
Q

what is the pre-operational stage

A

thinking logically as well as symbolically
e.g. counting, separating marbles

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32
Q

what is failure of conservation example

A

dividing play dought into two, roll one out
- fail to understand that both the volumes will remain the same

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33
Q

what is egocentrism of pre-operational stage

A

childs believe that others will see the world the same way they do

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34
Q

the 3rd phase is the concerete opperations stage what ages is this from

A

7-12 years

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35
Q

what is the concerete opperations stage

A
  • ability to perform logical analysis
  • kids being empathetic
  • understanding of complex cause-effect
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36
Q

the 4th stage is the formal operations stage what age is this from

A

12 years and up

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37
Q

what is the formal operations stage about

A
  • abstract reasoning
  • metacognition
  • dependent on exposure to principles of scientific thinking
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38
Q

what is metacognition

A

thinking about thinking

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39
Q

what did most critics believe about piaget theory overall

A

he underestimated children’s ability at various ages

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40
Q

what are the two main criticism about piaget

A
  • Babies don’t seem to start w/ nothing
  • cognitive development isn’t an all or nothing phenomenon
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41
Q

what are the three areas of criticism 1 (how babies start/born)

A
  1. space and objects
  2. mathematical reasoning
  3. social cognition
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42
Q

what is the effect of occlusion

A

a habituation procedure
- the gate image
- staring at the person that has the gate lines cut out

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43
Q

when does the understanding of support develop as a child

A

by 6months

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44
Q

the object of performance is represented by

A

the A not B error
- finding object where it was last seen not where it was last put

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45
Q

what did piaget say about infants and maths

A

they had no concept of number and couldn’t conserve number until they were around 6yrs

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45
Q

what did piaget say about infants and maths

A

they had no concept of number and couldn’t conserve number until they were around 6yrs

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46
Q

through social cognition @ 3 weeks old what will infants do

A

imitate facial expressions

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47
Q

through social cognition @ 9 months old children will

A

look in the direction of their mother gaze

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48
Q

the habituation study of intention was about

A

changing goal or changing cloth

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49
Q

what are the 2 areas of criticism 2 (cognitive deve isn’t an all or nothing phenomenon)

A
  1. numerical skills in preschoolers
  2. social cognition in preschoolers
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50
Q

children younger than 6 can generally…

A

conserve number if the task is relevant

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51
Q

Piaget thought children were egocentric until they were around the age of 7 years old, what is the actual age children can pass a diorama task

A

3 and 4 years

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52
Q

what is an example of ego centrism

A

emu with head in sand

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53
Q

what is theory of mind allow us to do

A

be effective in social situations - not everyone is like us

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54
Q

in the broccoli vs cracker study what age child gave the experimenter what SHE likes

A

18 months

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55
Q

in the broccoli vs cracker study what age child gave the experimenter what THEY likes

A

14months old

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56
Q

the False belief task is about

A

the child say what they think is in their but showing that it is something different

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57
Q

what age children can pass the true and false beliefs on average

A

4 years old

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58
Q

what does social development mean

A

how we relate to others

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59
Q

what are some different components of social development

A
  • emotional development
  • moral development
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60
Q

what are some examples of social development

A
  • forming bonds w/ people
  • learning to behave in socially acceptable ways
  • learning to be good friends and allies
  • learning to deal w/ adversaries
61
Q

what is attachment

A

an emotional and social bond between infant and caregiver that spans both time and space

62
Q

what are the two main theory’s of achieving social development

A
  • social learning theory
  • cognitive development theory
63
Q

what is social learning theory

A

you will learn things by watching others

64
Q

what is cognitive development theory

A

cognitive drives social development, different perspectives

65
Q

parents and peers are drivers of social development. what is the 4 categorised types of demandingness and responsivesness

A
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian
  • permissive
    -disengaged
66
Q

If you have High demandingness and High responsiveness

A

authoritative

67
Q

if you are low demandingness and high respinsiveness then you are

A

permissive

68
Q

what is emotional regulations

A

infants reliant on adult to soothe them

69
Q

what is display rules of emotion development about

A

keeping emotions togeth in particular event

70
Q

what is moral behaviour

A

behaviour that conforms to a generally accepted set of rules

71
Q

principle of minimal sufficiency

A

internalise rules are best if consequences is enough to get you change behaviour

72
Q

what is empathic distress

A

know someone is upset but can’t help

73
Q

what are the three theories of Kohlberg’s theory of moral developmetnt

A
  1. pre-conventional level
  2. conventional level
  3. post-conventional level
74
Q

what Kphlberg theory is based on external sanctions, such as authority and punishment

A

pre-conventional level

75
Q

in the pre-conventional level what is stage 2: instrumental hedonsim about

A

trying to be happy
- guided by the pleasantness of its consequences to them/fulfilment of needs

76
Q

what is the conventional level about

A

includes an understanding that the social system has an interest in peoples behaviour

77
Q

what is the conventional level about

A

moral rules have some underlying principles that apply to all situations and socities

78
Q

in evaulating Kohlberg’s theory. stages may not be coherent entities, but do reflect a

A

progression

79
Q

T/f their is a correlation between moral reasoning and moral conduct

A

True

80
Q

what is morphological sex

A

the human structure of what you should look like

81
Q

testosterone can play a role in

A

spatial ability

82
Q

what is the evolutionary theory

A

mean and women have evoled to behave differently depending on ther roles in socity

83
Q

what is congenital hyperplasia

A

produced to much testoterone in females, more male behaviour e.g. the case of bruce reimer

84
Q

what did montmayor found with gender differences

A

children found the game more enjoyable if labeled generd appropirate

85
Q

Morrongiello and Dawber (1999) examine parents behaviour w/ children what did they find

A

boys get less pressure = more risk taking

86
Q

Smith and Llyod say that infants gender was manipulated how?

A

by dressing the infant in girl or boys close the parents would give them toys that related to that child

87
Q

wesiner and silson-mitchell noticed what about parents

A

parents that don’t show gender differences in socialisation have children whose attidues and behaviours reflect few gender sterotypes

88
Q

Which is the bigger contribution to sex differences in behaviour–biology or the environment?

A

environment

89
Q

what is the first stage that children attempt to draw human drawings

A

pre-schematic stage
3-4yrs

90
Q

when do children seperate trunk and head with their human drawings

A

schematic stage
5-6yrs

91
Q

what is the realistic stage

A

more detail
expressions
use of space
art stops being spontaneous

92
Q

Period of indecision

A

art is something to be done or left alone

93
Q

What are the two main ways that people have proposed that children’s drawings can be helpful.

A
  1. projective measures
  2. verbal communication aid
94
Q

What is a projective measure?

A

look at it and apply it to meaning e.g. ink block test

95
Q

what is Draw-A-Person test

A

draw mother, child, father
one f the top 10 test used by US psychologists
- test can differentiate between groups, but isn’t good at identifying individuals cases needing special help

96
Q

How to test psychological wellbeing

A

Draw-A-Family, house-tree-person

97
Q

What can you say about the relation between drawings and sexual abuse?

A

through the drawings it is difficult to differentiate sexual abuse

98
Q

what does it mean by verbal communication aid

A

helping children talk about events they have experienced

99
Q

What do we mean when we say drawing “as a communication aid”?

A

the drawing is a distraction to allow children to talk about their past

100
Q

what is the Butler et al. (1995) study

A

5-6yrs visited the fire station, day later were interviewed
- draw & tell or just tell

101
Q

what were the finding from the bulter et al.

A

draw and tell group - reported 2x in the direct recall phase
- No difference in free recall
the information was just as accurate

102
Q

Describe what we’ve learned since the Butler study.

A
  • more you draw more you can explain about the event in a real clincal setting
103
Q

How might drawing work to increase the amount of information that children provide?

A
  • increases length of interview
  • reduce social barriers
  • children have their own retrieval cues
104
Q

can you learn from watching TV

A
  • live demonstrations are better
  • learn more w/ interacting w/ parents
105
Q

what was sesame street for

A

intellectual and cultural curiosity
- disigned for children w/ disadvantages back ground

106
Q

claims people thing that TV is bad

A
  • mesmerises children
  • TV over homework
    TV decreases childrens reading
  • disrupt sleep
  • violence
107
Q

what was the Boyatzis, matillo and nesbitt study on violence from TV about

A

watched power ranges vs controlled non violence

108
Q

what was the finding from the what was the Boyatzis, matillo and nesbitt study

A

boys commited more aggressive acts than children
- 7x the aggression acts

109
Q

explain the Hussman et al. violence with TV

A

8 yrs old boys and parents
- re interviewed at 30yrs
- accessed crime record

110
Q

what did the Hussman et al. violence with TV find

A

boys that ha hight watch for violent TV at 8yrs had committed more serious crimes by 30yrs

111
Q

danger of violent videogames may be ____ than the dangers of violent TV

A

greater

112
Q

can videogames be education, help with skills etc

A

non-violent videogames have benifits
- violent VG can be dangerous

more research is needed

113
Q

what is teratogen

A

external agents that cause abnormal prenatal development

114
Q

robert Fantz __ ___ ___ to study infants visual preference

A

preferential looking procedure

115
Q

Piaget ____ children

A

underestimated

116
Q

what is gender identity

A

how you feel about your self what you identify as

117
Q

what is gender roles

A

cultural expectation on how men/women SHOULD behave

118
Q

gender sterotype

A

Beliefs about behaviour, differences of how men and woman act within society
- women work as nurses

119
Q

what age to you have gender typed preferences

A

18months

120
Q

what age do you have knowledge of own gender

A

age 3

121
Q

at what age do you have knowledge about gender constancy - the charateritics e.g. if you cut your hair off you know that the girl will still be a girl

A

5 years

122
Q

what did evolutionary theories propose

A

men and women have evolved to behave differently depending on their roles in socity

123
Q

what is a example of cogenital adrenal hyperplasis

A

produce to much testosterone in femals e.g. case of bruce reimer

124
Q

what did montemayor found about the environmental explanations for gender differences

A

children found the game more enjoyable if it was labeled gendet appropriate or neutral
- childrens performance highest

125
Q

in the morrongiello and dawber about gender socialisation begins with a childs parent - what did sons recieve

A

more physical pressure than girls, fewer explanations

126
Q

in the smith and llyod experiment what did they find parents do when asking 6months old infants to play

A

behave differently to the according gender

127
Q

what age do children scribble

A

2-3years

128
Q

what stage does do children make first attempt at drawing humans and what age

A

preschematic
3-4years

129
Q

at what order is neck representation on kids drawing

A

last of the schematic stage

130
Q

what is the period of indecision

A

art is something to be done or left alone

131
Q

what age does realistic stage occur - for drawing

A

from 9years

132
Q

what are researches yet to find with the connection between sexual abuse and drawing

A

a consistent pattern of graphic indicators that can distinguish the draws of abused children from those of their non-abused counterparts

133
Q

what are some reasoning behind why drawing might work

A
  • increase length of interview
  • reduce social barriers
  • children provide own retrieval cues
  • allows child to talk and feel comfortable
134
Q

by what age do children have the capacity to provide forensically relevant info about past events

A

4-5 yrs

135
Q

what is one good thing and one bad thing about free recall - verbal reports

A

good: highly accurate
bad: brief

136
Q

when questions are given to a child specificly they give more detail but what does this cause

A

them to make errors

137
Q

why would confronting the accused be a probem for child witnesses

A

children less willing to incriminate
less likely to say they did it when beeing threatened

138
Q

what are their no firm links between the prescene of imaginary companions with …

A

IQ and creativity

139
Q

is their evidence for imaginary companions and attachment objects helpiing with mature or development to those that don’t

A

no evidence

140
Q

is their evidence to suggest that imagine campanions / attachment objects are healthy for development

A

no evidence

141
Q

who was sesame street designed for

A

children with disadvantage backgrounds

142
Q

what were the results from the sesame street experiment

A
  1. all groups increased in writing and alphapent skills
  2. those who what sesame street the most showed biggest gain
  3. children with low social econmic backgrounds showed biggest gains
  4. sesame street reduce childrens ethnic and racial sterotype
143
Q

who show the biggest benefit for watching sesame street

A

3-5years olds

144
Q

power ranges - violence with TV results

A
  • boys more aggressive
  • 7x more aggressive acts with those that watched
145
Q

Huessman et al result from violent TV

A

those that watch more violent TV by age of 8 more likely to be into crime by the 30yrs

146
Q

time spent of videogames _____ , time spent on TV _____

A
  1. increased
  2. remained the same
147
Q

benifits of videogames

A
  1. improve fine motor
  2. distract from physical or emotional pain
  3. improve descion making
148
Q

in the anderson & dill experment 1 (video games ) what was videogames coerlated with

A

aggression perosnlity, non agressive deliquency and agressive deliquency

149
Q

anderson & dill experment 2 (video games ) what were the results

A
  1. women have longer blasts
  2. those w/ high APQ score = longer blasts
  3. played violent videogames have longer blasts
150
Q

dangers of violent videogames ___ than the dnager of violent TV

A

may be greater

151
Q

piaget emphasised _____ change in childrens ability, wheras more modern reaserchers tend to emphasis _____ changes

A

qualitative
quantitive

PSYC112 (6 decks)

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