child behaviour Flashcards
what is the term for development
the sequence of physical and psychological changes that human beings undergo as the grow older
- lifespan
what is the term for development psychology
the scientific study of age-related changes in behaviour, thinking, emotion and personality
what are the 3 big general Q’s in development psyc
- continuity and change
- source of development
- individual difference
what is continuity and change about
what changes over time
what is sources of development about
Nature vs nurture debate
- the way we develop in our environment
what is individual difference about
no two humans are alike
- what makes individuals different e.g. genetics, environment
what are the 4 ways data is collected in deve psyc
- self report
- observation
- experimental methods
- clinical interview methods
what are the 2 main ways to research in psyc deve
- longitudinal design
- cross- sectional design
what is longitudinal design
same group of people and look at them over time - time consuming process
what is cross- sectional design
different ages e.g. kids and adults
what does cognition mean
intellectual growth
what are some examples of cognition
memory, attention, learning, perception
who is the father of cognitive development
jean piaget (1896-1980_
what did piaget propose
a squence of development that all normal children follow
what are the 4 stages that piaget developed
- sensorimotor stage
- preopertional stage
- concrete operation stage
- formal operation stage
how long is the sensorimotor stage
from birth to 2years
sensorimotor stage means
“thinking is doing” and its about sensory and motor
what does object permanece about
that the object doesn’t exist when they are out of sight
@ birth - 3months sensorimotor stage kids would
look at visual e.g. finger puppet or turn head towards a noise
@ 3months sensorimotor stage kids would
follow the moving object w/ their eyes, star at place disappears but won’t search for object
@ 5months sensorimotor stage kids would
anticipate future position of object e.g. if something leaves from one side it will return from the other
@ 8 months sensorimotor stage kids would
“A not B effect”
- search the place the object was last seen but not where it went to
@ 12months sensorimotor stage kids would
will search the place they last SAW the object
what is schema formation
mental representation that defines a particular behaviour category
e.g. like a blue print
what is assimilation of schema formation
New info modified to fit with schema e.g. Seeing a rabbit and call it dog
what is accomodation of schema formation
process by which an existing schema is modifies or changed by new experience e.g. seeing a rabbit and saying rabbit
what is representational thought
ability to form mental representations of others behaviour
e.g. visualising an image
when does the representational though occur during the sensorimotor stage
around 2years - near the end
what is mental representation an instrumental in
- limitation
- deferred limitation
- symoblic play e.g. using glass case as phone
- use of words representing objects
when does the pre-operational stage occur
2-7 years
what is the pre-operational stage
thinking logically as well as symbolically
e.g. counting, separating marbles
what is failure of conservation example
dividing play dought into two, roll one out
- fail to understand that both the volumes will remain the same
what is egocentrism of pre-operational stage
childs believe that others will see the world the same way they do
the 3rd phase is the concerete opperations stage what ages is this from
7-12 years
what is the concerete opperations stage
- ability to perform logical analysis
- kids being empathetic
- understanding of complex cause-effect
the 4th stage is the formal operations stage what age is this from
12 years and up
what is the formal operations stage about
- abstract reasoning
- metacognition
- dependent on exposure to principles of scientific thinking
what is metacognition
thinking about thinking
what did most critics believe about piaget theory overall
he underestimated children’s ability at various ages
what are the two main criticism about piaget
- Babies don’t seem to start w/ nothing
- cognitive development isn’t an all or nothing phenomenon
what are the three areas of criticism 1 (how babies start/born)
- space and objects
- mathematical reasoning
- social cognition
what is the effect of occlusion
a habituation procedure
- the gate image
- staring at the person that has the gate lines cut out
when does the understanding of support develop as a child
by 6months
the object of performance is represented by
the A not B error
- finding object where it was last seen not where it was last put
what did piaget say about infants and maths
they had no concept of number and couldn’t conserve number until they were around 6yrs
what did piaget say about infants and maths
they had no concept of number and couldn’t conserve number until they were around 6yrs
through social cognition @ 3 weeks old what will infants do
imitate facial expressions
through social cognition @ 9 months old children will
look in the direction of their mother gaze
the habituation study of intention was about
changing goal or changing cloth
what are the 2 areas of criticism 2 (cognitive deve isn’t an all or nothing phenomenon)
- numerical skills in preschoolers
- social cognition in preschoolers
children younger than 6 can generally…
conserve number if the task is relevant
Piaget thought children were egocentric until they were around the age of 7 years old, what is the actual age children can pass a diorama task
3 and 4 years
what is an example of ego centrism
emu with head in sand
what is theory of mind allow us to do
be effective in social situations - not everyone is like us
in the broccoli vs cracker study what age child gave the experimenter what SHE likes
18 months
in the broccoli vs cracker study what age child gave the experimenter what THEY likes
14months old
the False belief task is about
the child say what they think is in their but showing that it is something different
what age children can pass the true and false beliefs on average
4 years old
what does social development mean
how we relate to others
what are some different components of social development
- emotional development
- moral development
what are some examples of social development
- forming bonds w/ people
- learning to behave in socially acceptable ways
- learning to be good friends and allies
- learning to deal w/ adversaries
what is attachment
an emotional and social bond between infant and caregiver that spans both time and space
what are the two main theory’s of achieving social development
- social learning theory
- cognitive development theory
what is social learning theory
you will learn things by watching others
what is cognitive development theory
cognitive drives social development, different perspectives
parents and peers are drivers of social development. what is the 4 categorised types of demandingness and responsivesness
- authoritative
- authoritarian
- permissive
-disengaged
If you have High demandingness and High responsiveness
authoritative
if you are low demandingness and high respinsiveness then you are
permissive
what is emotional regulations
infants reliant on adult to soothe them
what is display rules of emotion development about
keeping emotions togeth in particular event
what is moral behaviour
behaviour that conforms to a generally accepted set of rules
principle of minimal sufficiency
internalise rules are best if consequences is enough to get you change behaviour
what is empathic distress
know someone is upset but can’t help
what are the three theories of Kohlberg’s theory of moral developmetnt
- pre-conventional level
- conventional level
- post-conventional level
what Kphlberg theory is based on external sanctions, such as authority and punishment
pre-conventional level
in the pre-conventional level what is stage 2: instrumental hedonsim about
trying to be happy
- guided by the pleasantness of its consequences to them/fulfilment of needs
what is the conventional level about
includes an understanding that the social system has an interest in peoples behaviour
what is the conventional level about
moral rules have some underlying principles that apply to all situations and socities
in evaulating Kohlberg’s theory. stages may not be coherent entities, but do reflect a
progression
T/f their is a correlation between moral reasoning and moral conduct
True
what is morphological sex
the human structure of what you should look like
testosterone can play a role in
spatial ability
what is the evolutionary theory
mean and women have evoled to behave differently depending on ther roles in socity
what is congenital hyperplasia
produced to much testoterone in females, more male behaviour e.g. the case of bruce reimer
what did montmayor found with gender differences
children found the game more enjoyable if labeled generd appropirate
Morrongiello and Dawber (1999) examine parents behaviour w/ children what did they find
boys get less pressure = more risk taking
Smith and Llyod say that infants gender was manipulated how?
by dressing the infant in girl or boys close the parents would give them toys that related to that child
wesiner and silson-mitchell noticed what about parents
parents that don’t show gender differences in socialisation have children whose attidues and behaviours reflect few gender sterotypes
Which is the bigger contribution to sex differences in behaviour–biology or the environment?
environment
what is the first stage that children attempt to draw human drawings
pre-schematic stage
3-4yrs
when do children seperate trunk and head with their human drawings
schematic stage
5-6yrs
what is the realistic stage
more detail
expressions
use of space
art stops being spontaneous
Period of indecision
art is something to be done or left alone
What are the two main ways that people have proposed that children’s drawings can be helpful.
- projective measures
- verbal communication aid
What is a projective measure?
look at it and apply it to meaning e.g. ink block test
what is Draw-A-Person test
draw mother, child, father
one f the top 10 test used by US psychologists
- test can differentiate between groups, but isn’t good at identifying individuals cases needing special help
How to test psychological wellbeing
Draw-A-Family, house-tree-person
What can you say about the relation between drawings and sexual abuse?
through the drawings it is difficult to differentiate sexual abuse
what does it mean by verbal communication aid
helping children talk about events they have experienced
What do we mean when we say drawing “as a communication aid”?
the drawing is a distraction to allow children to talk about their past
what is the Butler et al. (1995) study
5-6yrs visited the fire station, day later were interviewed
- draw & tell or just tell
what were the finding from the bulter et al.
draw and tell group - reported 2x in the direct recall phase
- No difference in free recall
the information was just as accurate
Describe what we’ve learned since the Butler study.
- more you draw more you can explain about the event in a real clincal setting
How might drawing work to increase the amount of information that children provide?
- increases length of interview
- reduce social barriers
- children have their own retrieval cues
can you learn from watching TV
- live demonstrations are better
- learn more w/ interacting w/ parents
what was sesame street for
intellectual and cultural curiosity
- disigned for children w/ disadvantages back ground
claims people thing that TV is bad
- mesmerises children
- TV over homework
TV decreases childrens reading - disrupt sleep
- violence
what was the Boyatzis, matillo and nesbitt study on violence from TV about
watched power ranges vs controlled non violence
what was the finding from the what was the Boyatzis, matillo and nesbitt study
boys commited more aggressive acts than children
- 7x the aggression acts
explain the Hussman et al. violence with TV
8 yrs old boys and parents
- re interviewed at 30yrs
- accessed crime record
what did the Hussman et al. violence with TV find
boys that ha hight watch for violent TV at 8yrs had committed more serious crimes by 30yrs
danger of violent videogames may be ____ than the dangers of violent TV
greater
can videogames be education, help with skills etc
non-violent videogames have benifits
- violent VG can be dangerous
more research is needed
what is teratogen
external agents that cause abnormal prenatal development
robert Fantz __ ___ ___ to study infants visual preference
preferential looking procedure
Piaget ____ children
underestimated
what is gender identity
how you feel about your self what you identify as
what is gender roles
cultural expectation on how men/women SHOULD behave
gender sterotype
Beliefs about behaviour, differences of how men and woman act within society
- women work as nurses
what age to you have gender typed preferences
18months
what age do you have knowledge of own gender
age 3
at what age do you have knowledge about gender constancy - the charateritics e.g. if you cut your hair off you know that the girl will still be a girl
5 years
what did evolutionary theories propose
men and women have evolved to behave differently depending on their roles in socity
what is a example of cogenital adrenal hyperplasis
produce to much testosterone in femals e.g. case of bruce reimer
what did montemayor found about the environmental explanations for gender differences
children found the game more enjoyable if it was labeled gendet appropriate or neutral
- childrens performance highest
in the morrongiello and dawber about gender socialisation begins with a childs parent - what did sons recieve
more physical pressure than girls, fewer explanations
in the smith and llyod experiment what did they find parents do when asking 6months old infants to play
behave differently to the according gender
what age do children scribble
2-3years
what stage does do children make first attempt at drawing humans and what age
preschematic
3-4years
at what order is neck representation on kids drawing
last of the schematic stage
what is the period of indecision
art is something to be done or left alone
what age does realistic stage occur - for drawing
from 9years
what are researches yet to find with the connection between sexual abuse and drawing
a consistent pattern of graphic indicators that can distinguish the draws of abused children from those of their non-abused counterparts
what are some reasoning behind why drawing might work
- increase length of interview
- reduce social barriers
- children provide own retrieval cues
- allows child to talk and feel comfortable
by what age do children have the capacity to provide forensically relevant info about past events
4-5 yrs
what is one good thing and one bad thing about free recall - verbal reports
good: highly accurate
bad: brief
when questions are given to a child specificly they give more detail but what does this cause
them to make errors
why would confronting the accused be a probem for child witnesses
children less willing to incriminate
less likely to say they did it when beeing threatened
what are their no firm links between the prescene of imaginary companions with …
IQ and creativity
is their evidence for imaginary companions and attachment objects helpiing with mature or development to those that don’t
no evidence
is their evidence to suggest that imagine campanions / attachment objects are healthy for development
no evidence
who was sesame street designed for
children with disadvantage backgrounds
what were the results from the sesame street experiment
- all groups increased in writing and alphapent skills
- those who what sesame street the most showed biggest gain
- children with low social econmic backgrounds showed biggest gains
- sesame street reduce childrens ethnic and racial sterotype
who show the biggest benefit for watching sesame street
3-5years olds
power ranges - violence with TV results
- boys more aggressive
- 7x more aggressive acts with those that watched
Huessman et al result from violent TV
those that watch more violent TV by age of 8 more likely to be into crime by the 30yrs
time spent of videogames _____ , time spent on TV _____
- increased
- remained the same
benifits of videogames
- improve fine motor
- distract from physical or emotional pain
- improve descion making
in the anderson & dill experment 1 (video games ) what was videogames coerlated with
aggression perosnlity, non agressive deliquency and agressive deliquency
anderson & dill experment 2 (video games ) what were the results
- women have longer blasts
- those w/ high APQ score = longer blasts
- played violent videogames have longer blasts
dangers of violent videogames ___ than the dnager of violent TV
may be greater
piaget emphasised _____ change in childrens ability, wheras more modern reaserchers tend to emphasis _____ changes
qualitative
quantitive
