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MCAT Psych / Soc > Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior > Flashcards

Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

actions and behaviors that individuals are performing or modulating because others are around

A

social action

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2
Q

describes the tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around

A

social facilitation

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3
Q

states that being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks), and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)

A

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

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4
Q

a loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior

A

deindividuation

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5
Q

describes the observation that when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

A

bystander effect

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6
Q

tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting

A

social loafing

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7
Q

refers to the social influence placed on individuals by others they consider equals

A

peer pressure

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8
Q

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions

A

cognitive dissonance

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9
Q

explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior

A

social interaction

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10
Q

the tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members

A

group polarization

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11
Q

the tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas; ethics may be disturbed as pressure is created to conform and remain loyal to the group

A

groupthink

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12
Q

describes the beliefs, ideas, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

A

culture

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13
Q

the process by which a group or individual’s culture begins to melt into another culture

A

assimilation

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14
Q

refers to the encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

A

multiculturalism (cultural diversity)

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15
Q

refer to a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

A

subcultures

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16
Q

the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

A

socialization

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17
Q

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

A

norms

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18
Q

widely observed social norms

A

mores

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19
Q

penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior; can be used to maintain social control

A

sanctions

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20
Q

socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible

A

taboo

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21
Q

any part of society that is important when learning social norms and values; include family, peers, school, religious affiliation, and other groups that promote socialization

A

agent of socialization

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22
Q

common trends and beliefs prevalent at a given point in time

A

popular culture

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23
Q

the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

A

stigma

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24
Q

refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

A

deviance

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25
Q

changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society

A

conformity

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26
Q

involves changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

A

internalization

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27
Q

refers to the outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas

A

identification

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28
Q

occurs when individuals change their behaviors based on the requests of others; methods of gaining ____ include the foot-in-the-door technique, door-in-the-face technique, lowball technique, and that’s-not-all technique, among others

A

compliance

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29
Q

method of gaining compliance:

begins with small request, and after compliance is gained, a larger request is made

A

foot-in-the-door technique

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30
Q

method of gaining compliance:

a large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made

A

door-in-the-face technique

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31
Q

method of gaining compliance:

requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment

A

lowball technique

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32
Q

method of gaining compliance:
an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected (like informercials)

A

that’s-not-all technique

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33
Q

a change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure

A

obedience

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34
Q

tendencies toward expression of positive or negative feelings or evaluations of something; three components (ABC): affective, behavioral, cognitive

A

attitudes

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35
Q

component of attitude:

the way a person feels toward something; emotional component

A

affective

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36
Q

component of attitude:

the way a person acts with respect to something

A

behavioral

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37
Q

component of attitude:

the way an individual thinks about something, usually the justification for the other two components

A

cognitive

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38
Q

theories of attitude formation and attitude change:
states that there are four functional areas of attitude that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense

A

functional attitudes theory

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39
Q

theories of attitude formation and attitude change:
states that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning

A

learning theory

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40
Q

theories of attitude formation and attitude change:

separates individuals on a continuum based on how they process persuasive information

A

elaboration likelihood model

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41
Q

elaboration likelihood model:

high elaboration; scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information

A

central route processing

42
Q

elaboration likelihood model:
low elaboration; focusing on superficial details of persuasive information, such as appearances, catchphrases and slogans, and credibility

A

peripheral route processing

43
Q

theories of attitude formation and attitude change:

states that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, and environment

A

social cognitive theory

44
Q

Michaelangelo Phenomenon

A

A close relationship between 2 individuals “sculpts” both’s skills and traits

45
Q

Weber’s social action

A

actions and behaviors that individuals are performing or modulating because others are around

considers just the *individual *who is surrounded by others

46
Q

Social Facilitation

A

people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others– a performance response when they know they are being watched

47
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law of Social Facilitation

A

being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal

simple tasks: enhances performance

complex tasks: hinders performance

48
Q

Deindividuation

Mob mentality

A

loss of one’s self awareness in a group setting and the adoption of a more group-oriented identity

increase anonymity, this diffusing a sense of individual responsibility for actions.

As anonyminity increase, so does the strength of deindividuation

49
Q

Antinormative behavior

A

symptom of deindividuation

a behavior that is not socially acceptable in most social circumstances

50
Q

Bystander effect

A

individuals do not intervene those in need when others are present

the more people near, the less likely someone will help

51
Q

Social Loafing

A

the tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting

52
Q

Peer pressure

A

social influence placed on an individual by their peers

can lead to risky behaviors

53
Q

Identity shift effect

A

when an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by the threat of social rejection, so the person will conform to the norms of the group

leads to cognitive dissonance

54
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

the presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions

internal state of discomfort

55
Q

Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment

A

individuals will often conform to an opinion held by the group

56
Q

social interaction

group processes

A

the way in which 2+ individuals can both shape each other’s behavior

includes group processes and establishment of culture

57
Q

Group polarization

A

tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its individual members

58
Q

Risky / Choice Shift

A

initial ideas were not extreme, but became more and more extreme through discussion with the group

59
Q

Groupthink

A

a desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

a desire to agree causes a loss of independent critical thinking, external ideas are not considered, and the groups ideas are seen as correct without question

60
Q

Janis’ factors that lead to Groupthink

A
  1. illusion of invulnerability
  2. collective rationalization
  3. illusion of morality
  4. excessive stereotyping
  5. pressure for conformity
  6. self-censorship
  7. illusion of unanimity
  8. mindguards
61
Q

Assimilation

A

process by which an individual or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

integrates new aspects of a society and culture with old ones, transforming the culture

usuallt uneven, one will have more power/influence

62
Q

Ethnic Enclaves

A

locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity

(china town, little italy)

63
Q

Multiculturalism / cultural diversity

A

encouraging of cultural differences, “cultural mosaic”, “melting pot”

64
Q

Subcultures

A

groups of peopl within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture

65
Q

Counterculture

A

the subculture group gravitates towards an identity that is at odds with the majority culture and opposes the social mores

66
Q

Socialization

A

process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

adopt what is needed for inclusion in society

67
Q

Cultural transmission / learning

A

values are passed down through generations

68
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

spread of values from one culture to another

69
Q

Primary socialization

A

during childhood, when we learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, through observation of caregivers and close adults

foundation to form personal opinions

70
Q

Secondary socialization

A

learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society

outside the home, like in school and church

71
Q

Anticipatory socialization

A

a person prepares for future changes in something

(shadow a doctor in prep for becoming a physician)

72
Q

Resocialization

A

one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones through retrainig

indoctrination, soldiers trained to obey

73
Q

Norms

A

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

can be a means of social control

74
Q

Mores

A

widely observed social norms

75
Q

Sanctions

A

penalites or rewards for behavior

can be used to maintain social control

76
Q

Folkways

A

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in social interactions

77
Q

Agents of socialization

A

what creates shifts and choices in behavior

  1. family
  2. peers
  3. religion
  4. government
  5. media
  6. work
  7. ethnic backgroun
  8. clubs / social groups
  9. school
78
Q

Deviance

A

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

79
Q

Social stigma

A

disapproval or dislike of something based on its perception in society

80
Q

Labeling Theory

A

labels given to a person affects not only how others see them, but also their self-image

deviance, stigmatization, and reputation linked to this

can lead to channeling of behavior into deviance or conformity

81
Q

Role Engulfment

labeling

A

Internalizing and assuming the role of a label can take over a person’s identity

82
Q

Differentiation association theory

A

deviance, particularly criminal behavior can be learned to interactions with others engaging in criminal

“fallen into the wrong group”

83
Q

Strain theory

A

explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure

(American dream: get wealth, but social structure makes this hard, so deviant behavior of theft can help get wealth outside of the limited social structure)

84
Q

Conformity / majority influence

A

matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group or societal norms

85
Q

Internalization

conformity

A

changing one’s behavior to fit with a group, while also privately agreeing with the group. Change in internal thought to agree

86
Q

Identification

conformity

A

the outward acceptance of others’ ideas, without personally taking on these ideas

87
Q

Compliance

A

change in behavior based on direct request

the person asking for the change typically has no authority

88
Q

Door-in-face technique

compliance

A

a large request is made first, and if refused, a smaller request is made (the smaller is often the actual goal

89
Q

Foot-in-Door

compliance

A

comply once with a small request opened up the door for more requests

(give notes once, they will keep asking for notes)

90
Q

Lowball

compliance

A

requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of the commitment

91
Q

that’s-not-all

compliance

A

an individual made an offer, but before making a decision, is told that it is a great deal

92
Q

Obedience

A

changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order by someone with authority

93
Q

Components of Attitude

A
  1. Affective: emotional feeling towards something
  2. Behavioral: how a person acts with respect to something
  3. Cognitive: way an individual thinks about something

ABC

94
Q

Functional Attitudes Theory

A
  1. knowledge: attitudes provide organization to thought and behavior. Knowing attitudes helps predict behavior
  2. ego-expressive: attitudes allow us to communicate and solidify our self-identity
  3. adaptive: socially acceptable attitudes will lead to acceptance
  4. ego-defensive: attitudes that protect our self esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
95
Q

Learning theory

A

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

  • direct contact with object
  • direct instruction from others
  • other’s attitudes
  • conditioning
  • obervational learning
96
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

separates individuals on a continuum based on how they process persuasive information

97
Q

Central route processing

A

deep thinking

98
Q

central route to persuasion

A

attempt to influence using information that appeals to central route processing

99
Q

Peripheral route processing

A

does not elaborate but focuses on superficial characteristics like appearance, credibility, etc

100
Q

Peripheral route to processing

A

attempts to influence using superficial things like apperance and charisma

101
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

people learn how to behave by observing the behaviors of others

102
Q

Bandura’s triadic

social cognitive theory

A

each affect eachother

  1. behavioral factors
  2. environmental factors
  3. personal factors

MCAT Psych / Soc (5 decks)

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