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Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

approach that takes into account only the physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder

A

biomedical approach

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2
Q

approach that considers relative contributions of biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s psychological disorder

A

biopsychosocial approach

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3
Q

is used to diagnose psychological disorders; categorizes mental disorders based on symptom patterns

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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4
Q

type of psychological disorder:

the prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature; contains positive and negative symptoms

A

schizophrenia

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5
Q

type of symptom of schizophrenia:
add something to behavior, cognition, or affect;
include: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior

A

positive symptoms

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6
Q

type of symptom of schizophrenia:
the loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect;
include: disturbance of affect and avolition

A

negative symptoms

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7
Q

type of psychological disorder:

include major depressive disorder, disthymia, and seasonal affective disorder

A

depressive disorders

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8
Q

psychological disorder:

contains at least one major depressive episode

A

major depressive disorder

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9
Q

psychological disorder:

the presence of depressive symptoms for at least two years that do not meet criteria for major depressive disorder

A

disthymia (persistent depressive disorder)

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10
Q

type of psychological disorder:

have manic or hypomanic episodes

A

bipolar and related disorders

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11
Q

psychological disorder:

contains at least one manic episode

A

bipolar I disorder

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12
Q

psychological disorder:

contains at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode

A

bipolar II disorder

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13
Q

psychological disorder:
describes periods of manic and depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be labeled an episode; these symptoms must persist for at least two years and be present the majority of that time

A

cyclothymic disorder

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14
Q

type of psychological disorder:
capture conditions in which excessive fear or anxiety impairs one’s daily functions; differentiated by the stimuli that induces anxiety

A

anxiety disorders

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15
Q

psychological disorder:

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

A

specific phobias

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16
Q

psychological disorder:
anxiety due to separation from one’s caregivers, often with ideation that if separated, either the caregiver or the patient will be harmed

A

separation anxiety

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17
Q

psychological disorder:

anxiety due to social or performance situations with ideation that the patient will be negatively evaluated

A

social anxiety disorder

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18
Q

psychological disorder:

disorder is the impairment of speech in situations where speaking is expected

A

selective mutism

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19
Q

psychological disorder:

marked by recurrent panic attacks; may lead to agoraphobia

A

panic disorder

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20
Q

intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus

A

panic attack

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21
Q

psychological disorder:

a fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

A

agoraphobia

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22
Q

psychological disorder:

a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months

A

generalized anxiety disorder

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23
Q

type of psychological disorder:

characterized by perceived needs (obsessions or preoccupations) and paired actions to meet those needs (compulsions)

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders

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24
Q

psychological disorder:
characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life)

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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25
psychological disorder: characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one's appearance or a specific body part; individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection
body dysmorphic disorder
26
psychological disorder: characterized by the reluctance of giving up one's physical possessions; behavior is often associated with excessive acquisition of physical items
hoarding disorder
27
type of psychological disorder: characterized by intrusion symptoms (reliving the event, flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance symptoms (avoidance of people, places, objects associated with trauma), negative cognitive symptoms (amnesia, negative mood and emotions), and arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety); symptoms can be explained from behaviorist perspective
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
28
type of psychological disorder: | include dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder
dissociative disorders
29
psychological disorder: an inability to recall past experience without any underlying neurological disorder; in severe forms, it may involve dissociative fugue
dissociation disorder
30
a sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of new identity
dissociative fugue
31
psychological disorder: | the occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a person's behavior
dissociative identity disorder
32
psychological disorder: | involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment
depersonalization/derealization disorder
33
type of psychological disorder: | involve significant bodily disorders
somatic symptoms and related disorders
34
psychological disorder: involves at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern
somatic symptom disorder
35
psychological disorder: | a preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with, a serious medical condition
illness anxiety disorder
36
psychological disorder: | involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma
conversion disorder
37
type of psychological disorder: patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control; occur in three clusters: A (odd, eccentric), B (dramatic, emotional, erratic), and C (anxious, fearful)
personality disorders (PD)
38
cluster of PDs: | includes paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid
cluster A
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cluster of PDs: | includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissitic
cluster B
40
cluster of PDs: | includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
cluster C
41
psychological disorder: | involves a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others
paranoid PD
42
psychological disorder: | involves ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity
schizotypal PD
43
psychological disorder: | involves detachment from social relationships, and limited emotion
schizoid PD
44
psychological disorder: | involves a disregard for the rights of others
antisocial PD
45
psychological disorder: involves instability in relationships, mood, and self-image; splitting is characteristic, as are recurrent suicide attempts
borderline PD
46
psychological disorder: | involves constant attention-seeking behavior
histrionic PD
47
psychological disorder: | involves a grandiose sense of self importance and need for admiration
narcissistic PD
48
psychological disorder: | involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection
avoidant PD
49
psychological disorder: | involves a continuous need for reassurance
dependent PD
50
psychological disorder: | involves perfectionism, inflexibility, and preoccupation with rules
obsessive-compulsive PD
51
biological basis of nervous system disorder: may be associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history; there are high levels of dopaminergic transmissions
schizophrenia
52
biological basis of nervous system disorder: | accompanied by high levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
depression
53
biological basis of nervous system disorder: | accompanied by high levels of norepinephrine and serotonin; are highly heritable
bipolar disorders
54
biological basis of nervous system disorder: associated with genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of β-amyloid, and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Alzheimer's disease
55
biological basis of nervous system disorder: associated with bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, mask like facies, cogwheel rigidity, and a shuffling gait; decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantia nigra
Parkinson's disease
56
Psychotic disorders present with:
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and behavior, catatonia, negative symptoms, etc
57
Delusions | positive symptoms
false beliefs discordant from reality
58
Delusions of Reference | positive symptoms
common elements in the environment are directed to the person
59
Delusions of Persecution | positive symptoms
the person is being discriminated against, plotted against, threatened, etc
60
Delusions of Grandeur | positive symptoms
the person is significantly remarkable seen in bipolar 1
61
Thought broadcasting delusion | positive symptoms
belief that one's thoughts go directly from their head to the outside world
62
Though withdrawal delusion | positive symptoms
thoughts are being removed from one's head
63
thought insertion delusion | positive symptoms
thoughts are being placed in one's head
64
Hallucinations | positive symptoms
not real, but perceptions that feel real auditory (voices) visual and tactile can come from drugs
65
Disorganized thought | positive symptoms
loosening of associations seen in speech when ideas shift from one subject to another where train of thought cannot be followed word salad seen in schizophrenia
66
Disorganized behavior | positive symptoms
inability to carry out activities of daily living
67
Catatonia disorganized behavior | positive symptoms
stiff, rigid, does not move or very big, bizarre movements
68
Echolalia disorganized behavior | positive symptoms
repeating another's words
69
Echoprazxia disorganized behavior | positive symptoms
imitating another's actions
70
Affect | negative symptoms
any disruption to experience and display emotion
71
blunting affect | negative symptoms
reduction in the instensity of expression
72
emotional flattening affect | negative symptoms
no signs of emotional expression
73
inappropriate affect | negative symptoms
affect is disordinant with context of speech
74
Avolition | negative symptoms
decreasd engagement with purposeful, goal-directed actions
75
Schizophrenia
a break between an individual and reality
76
prodromal phase | Schizophrenia
adjustment phase
77
active phase | Schizophrenia
psychotic symptoms displayed
78
residual phase | Schizophrenia
recovery phase: mental clarity and depression at becoming aware of their disorder
79
less serious schizophrenia-like disorders | Schizophrenia
schizotypal personality disorder, delusion disorder, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder
80
Downward Drift Hypothesis | Schizophrenia
schizophrenia causes a decline in socioeconomic status, leading to worsening symptoms, setting them up for a negative spiral towards poverty and psychosis. why rates of schizophrenia are higher among unhoused people
81
Characteristics of depressive disorders
sadness sleep interest guilt energy concentration appetite psychomotor suicide | sadness + SIG E CAPS
82
Types of depressive disorders
major (2-week), persistant (2-year), disruptive mood dysregulation (kids 6-10), prementrual dysphoric disorder, seasonal affective disorder, postpartum depression
83
Bipolar manic symptoms
Distractibility Irresponsibility Grandiosity Flight of thoughts Activity / Agitation Sleep less Talkative | DIG FAST
84
Bipolar Disorder I
manic episodes
85
Bipolar II
both major depressive and hypomanic (few days)
86
Cyclothymic disorder
manic and depressive symptoms that are not large enough to be considered episodes, but a long duration
87
neurotransmitters and manic and depressive
too much norepinepherine and seretonin lead to manic and to little leads to depressive
88
Anxiety
fear of an upcoming or future event disorder when it is irrational and excessive fear
89
phobia
irrational fear that makes you avoid something
90
separation anxiety
caregiver gone
91
social anxiety
anxiety towards social situations
92
selective mutism
consistent inability to speak in situations where speaking is expected due to a fear of being negatively judged
93
panic disorder
recurrence of unexpected panic attacks unwanted fight or flight SNS (autonomic overdrive)
94
Agoraphobia
scared they cannot escape
95
generalized anxiety disorder
disproportionate and persisten worry about a bunch of different things
96
OCD
intrusive obsessions which produce tensions and compulsions
97
body dysmorphia
preocupation with a negative evaluation of their body
98
PTSD symptoms
intrusion, arousal, avoidance, negative cognitive
99
dissociative disorders
avoid stress by escaping some part of their identity
100
dissociative amnesia | dissociative disorders
inability to recall past experiences cause of trauma
101
diss identity disorder (multiple personality disorder) | dissociative disorders
multiple personalities control the person, their identities cannot integrate
102
depersonalization / derealization | dissociative disorders
people feel deattached from their own mind and body and surroundings
103
somatic symptom disorder | somatic symptom
disproportionate concern about a body thing
104
illness anxiety disorder | somatic symptom
consumed with thoughts of having a mental illness
105
conversion disorder | somatic symptom
symptoms affecting functions that are incompatible with their neurophyiological condition
106
Personality disorder
impaired functioning in cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control
107
Cluster A | Personality disorder
behavior labeled as odd or eccentric 1. paranoid (distrust) 2. schizotypal (odd thinking) 3. schizoid (detachment)
108
Cluster B | Personality disorder
dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior 1. antisocial: disregard for violating others (criminals with no guilt) 2. borderline: instability in mood, behavior, and self-image 3. histrionic: constant attention-seeking 4. narcissistic: grandiose and self-importance
109
Cluster C | Personality disorder
anxious or fearful 1. avoidant personality: shyness and fear of rejection, desire social affection 2. dependent: continuous need for reassurance 3. OCPD: inflexible perfectionist (not OCD which is obsessive)
110
Contributors to schizophrenia
genetic, trauma at birth (low O2), adolescent weed use
111
Schizophrenic brain
structural changes, excessive dopamine
112
schizophrenic treatment
neuroleptic (anti-psychotics)
113
markers of depression
* high glucose metabolism in amygdala * hippocampal atrophy after long duration of illness * very high level of cortisol * decreased norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
114
markers of bipolar
* increased norepinephrine and serotonin (monamine theory) * inheritence * MS
115
evidence of Alzheimer's
* atrophy of brain * flattened sulci * enlarged cerebrall ventricles * deficient blood flow in parietal lobes * reduction in ACH and the enzyme that makes it * reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes * senile beta-amyloid plauqes * tangles of protein
116
characteristics of Parkinson's
* bradykinesia: slowness in movement * resting tremor: appears when muscles not used * pill-rolling tremor * mask-like: rigid face * cogwheel: muscle tension * shuffling gait: stooped posture * depression and dementia
117
biology of Parkinson's
* decreased dopamine production so improper functioning of basal ganglia
118
antipsychotic drugs can have parkinsonian side effect, why ?
deceased dopamine
119
parkinson meds have side effects of hallucinations, why?
increased dopamine

MCAT Psych / Soc (5 decks)

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