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MCAT Psych / Soc > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

approach that takes into account only the physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder

A

biomedical approach

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2
Q

approach that considers relative contributions of biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s psychological disorder

A

biopsychosocial approach

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3
Q

is used to diagnose psychological disorders; categorizes mental disorders based on symptom patterns

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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4
Q

type of psychological disorder:

the prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature; contains positive and negative symptoms

A

schizophrenia

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5
Q

type of symptom of schizophrenia:
add something to behavior, cognition, or affect;
include: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior

A

positive symptoms

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6
Q

type of symptom of schizophrenia:
the loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect;
include: disturbance of affect and avolition

A

negative symptoms

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7
Q

type of psychological disorder:

include major depressive disorder, disthymia, and seasonal affective disorder

A

depressive disorders

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8
Q

psychological disorder:

contains at least one major depressive episode

A

major depressive disorder

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9
Q

psychological disorder:

the presence of depressive symptoms for at least two years that do not meet criteria for major depressive disorder

A

disthymia (persistent depressive disorder)

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10
Q

type of psychological disorder:

have manic or hypomanic episodes

A

bipolar and related disorders

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11
Q

psychological disorder:

contains at least one manic episode

A

bipolar I disorder

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12
Q

psychological disorder:

contains at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode

A

bipolar II disorder

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13
Q

psychological disorder:
describes periods of manic and depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be labeled an episode; these symptoms must persist for at least two years and be present the majority of that time

A

cyclothymic disorder

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14
Q

type of psychological disorder:
capture conditions in which excessive fear or anxiety impairs one’s daily functions; differentiated by the stimuli that induces anxiety

A

anxiety disorders

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15
Q

psychological disorder:

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

A

specific phobias

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16
Q

psychological disorder:
anxiety due to separation from one’s caregivers, often with ideation that if separated, either the caregiver or the patient will be harmed

A

separation anxiety

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17
Q

psychological disorder:

anxiety due to social or performance situations with ideation that the patient will be negatively evaluated

A

social anxiety disorder

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18
Q

psychological disorder:

disorder is the impairment of speech in situations where speaking is expected

A

selective mutism

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19
Q

psychological disorder:

marked by recurrent panic attacks; may lead to agoraphobia

A

panic disorder

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20
Q

intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus

A

panic attack

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21
Q

psychological disorder:

a fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

A

agoraphobia

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22
Q

psychological disorder:

a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months

A

generalized anxiety disorder

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23
Q

type of psychological disorder:

characterized by perceived needs (obsessions or preoccupations) and paired actions to meet those needs (compulsions)

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders

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24
Q

psychological disorder:
characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life)

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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25
Q

psychological disorder:
characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part; individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection

A

body dysmorphic disorder

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26
Q

psychological disorder:
characterized by the reluctance of giving up one’s physical possessions; behavior is often associated with excessive acquisition of physical items

A

hoarding disorder

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27
Q

type of psychological disorder:
characterized by intrusion symptoms (reliving the event, flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance symptoms (avoidance of people, places, objects associated with trauma), negative cognitive symptoms (amnesia, negative mood and emotions), and arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety); symptoms can be explained from behaviorist perspective

A

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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28
Q

type of psychological disorder:

include dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

dissociative disorders

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29
Q

psychological disorder:
an inability to recall past experience without any underlying neurological disorder; in severe forms, it may involve dissociative fugue

A

dissociation disorder

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30
Q

a sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of new identity

A

dissociative fugue

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31
Q

psychological disorder:

the occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a person’s behavior

A

dissociative identity disorder

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32
Q

psychological disorder:

involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment

A

depersonalization/derealization disorder

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33
Q

type of psychological disorder:

involve significant bodily disorders

A

somatic symptoms and related disorders

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34
Q

psychological disorder:
involves at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern

A

somatic symptom disorder

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35
Q

psychological disorder:

a preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with, a serious medical condition

A

illness anxiety disorder

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36
Q

psychological disorder:

involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma

A

conversion disorder

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37
Q

type of psychological disorder:
patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control;
occur in three clusters: A (odd, eccentric), B (dramatic, emotional, erratic), and C (anxious, fearful)

A

personality disorders (PD)

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38
Q

cluster of PDs:

includes paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid

A

cluster A

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39
Q

cluster of PDs:

includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissitic

A

cluster B

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40
Q

cluster of PDs:

includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive

A

cluster C

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41
Q

psychological disorder:

involves a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

A

paranoid PD

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42
Q

psychological disorder:

involves ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity

A

schizotypal PD

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43
Q

psychological disorder:

involves detachment from social relationships, and limited emotion

A

schizoid PD

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44
Q

psychological disorder:

involves a disregard for the rights of others

A

antisocial PD

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45
Q

psychological disorder:
involves instability in relationships, mood, and self-image; splitting is characteristic, as are recurrent suicide attempts

A

borderline PD

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46
Q

psychological disorder:

involves constant attention-seeking behavior

A

histrionic PD

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47
Q

psychological disorder:

involves a grandiose sense of self importance and need for admiration

A

narcissistic PD

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48
Q

psychological disorder:

involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection

A

avoidant PD

49
Q

psychological disorder:

involves a continuous need for reassurance

A

dependent PD

50
Q

psychological disorder:

involves perfectionism, inflexibility, and preoccupation with rules

A

obsessive-compulsive PD

51
Q

biological basis of nervous system disorder:
may be associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history; there are high levels of dopaminergic transmissions

A

schizophrenia

52
Q

biological basis of nervous system disorder:

accompanied by high levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

A

depression

53
Q

biological basis of nervous system disorder:

accompanied by high levels of norepinephrine and serotonin; are highly heritable

A

bipolar disorders

54
Q

biological basis of nervous system disorder:
associated with genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of β-amyloid, and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

A

Alzheimer’s disease

55
Q

biological basis of nervous system disorder:
associated with bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, mask like facies, cogwheel rigidity, and a shuffling gait; decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease

56
Q

Psychotic disorders present with:

A

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought and behavior, catatonia, negative symptoms, etc

57
Q

Delusions

positive symptoms

A

false beliefs discordant from reality

58
Q

Delusions of Reference

positive symptoms

A

common elements in the environment are directed to the person

59
Q

Delusions of Persecution

positive symptoms

A

the person is being discriminated against, plotted against, threatened, etc

60
Q

Delusions of Grandeur

positive symptoms

A

the person is significantly remarkable

seen in bipolar 1

61
Q

Thought broadcasting delusion

positive symptoms

A

belief that one’s thoughts go directly from their head to the outside world

62
Q

Though withdrawal delusion

positive symptoms

A

thoughts are being removed from one’s head

63
Q

thought insertion delusion

positive symptoms

A

thoughts are being placed in one’s head

64
Q

Hallucinations

positive symptoms

A

not real, but perceptions that feel real

auditory (voices)
visual and tactile can come from drugs

65
Q

Disorganized thought

positive symptoms

A

loosening of associations

seen in speech when ideas shift from one subject to another where train of thought cannot be followed

word salad

seen in schizophrenia

66
Q

Disorganized behavior

positive symptoms

A

inability to carry out activities of daily living

67
Q

Catatonia disorganized behavior

positive symptoms

A

stiff, rigid, does not move

or very big, bizarre movements

68
Q

Echolalia disorganized behavior

positive symptoms

A

repeating another’s words

69
Q

Echoprazxia disorganized behavior

positive symptoms

A

imitating another’s actions

70
Q

Affect

negative symptoms

A

any disruption to experience and display emotion

71
Q

blunting affect

negative symptoms

A

reduction in the instensity of expression

72
Q

emotional flattening affect

negative symptoms

A

no signs of emotional expression

73
Q

inappropriate affect

negative symptoms

A

affect is disordinant with context of speech

74
Q

Avolition

negative symptoms

A

decreasd engagement with purposeful, goal-directed actions

75
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a break between an individual and reality

76
Q

prodromal phase

Schizophrenia

A

adjustment phase

77
Q

active phase

Schizophrenia

A

psychotic symptoms displayed

78
Q

residual phase

Schizophrenia

A

recovery phase: mental clarity and depression at becoming aware of their disorder

79
Q

less serious schizophrenia-like disorders

Schizophrenia

A

schizotypal personality disorder, delusion disorder, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder

80
Q

Downward Drift Hypothesis

Schizophrenia

A

schizophrenia causes a decline in socioeconomic status, leading to worsening symptoms, setting them up for a negative spiral towards poverty and psychosis.

why rates of schizophrenia are higher among unhoused people

81
Q

Characteristics of depressive disorders

A

sadness
sleep
interest
guilt
energy
concentration
appetite
psychomotor
suicide

sadness + SIG E CAPS

82
Q

Types of depressive disorders

A

major (2-week), persistant (2-year), disruptive mood dysregulation (kids 6-10), prementrual dysphoric disorder, seasonal affective disorder, postpartum depression

83
Q

Bipolar manic symptoms

A

Distractibility
Irresponsibility
Grandiosity
Flight of thoughts
Activity / Agitation
Sleep less
Talkative

DIG FAST

84
Q

Bipolar Disorder I

A

manic episodes

85
Q

Bipolar II

A

both major depressive and hypomanic (few days)

86
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

manic and depressive symptoms that are not large enough to be considered episodes, but a long duration

87
Q

neurotransmitters and manic and depressive

A

too much norepinepherine and seretonin lead to manic and to little leads to depressive

88
Q

Anxiety

A

fear of an upcoming or future event

disorder when it is irrational and excessive fear

89
Q

phobia

A

irrational fear that makes you avoid something

90
Q

separation anxiety

A

caregiver gone

91
Q

social anxiety

A

anxiety towards social situations

92
Q

selective mutism

A

consistent inability to speak in situations where speaking is expected due to a fear of being negatively judged

93
Q

panic disorder

A

recurrence of unexpected panic attacks

unwanted fight or flight

SNS (autonomic overdrive)

94
Q

Agoraphobia

A

scared they cannot escape

95
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

disproportionate and persisten worry about a bunch of different things

96
Q

OCD

A

intrusive obsessions which produce tensions and compulsions

97
Q

body dysmorphia

A

preocupation with a negative evaluation of their body

98
Q

PTSD symptoms

A

intrusion, arousal, avoidance, negative cognitive

99
Q

dissociative disorders

A

avoid stress by escaping some part of their identity

100
Q

dissociative amnesia

dissociative disorders

A

inability to recall past experiences cause of trauma

101
Q

diss identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

dissociative disorders

A

multiple personalities control the person, their identities cannot integrate

102
Q

depersonalization / derealization

dissociative disorders

A

people feel deattached from their own mind and body and surroundings

103
Q

somatic symptom disorder

somatic symptom

A

disproportionate concern about a body thing

104
Q

illness anxiety disorder

somatic symptom

A

consumed with thoughts of having a mental illness

105
Q

conversion disorder

somatic symptom

A

symptoms affecting functions that are incompatible with their neurophyiological condition

106
Q

Personality disorder

A

impaired functioning in cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control

107
Q

Cluster A

Personality disorder

A

behavior labeled as odd or eccentric

  1. paranoid (distrust)
  2. schizotypal (odd thinking)
  3. schizoid (detachment)
108
Q

Cluster B

Personality disorder

A

dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior

  1. antisocial: disregard for violating others (criminals with no guilt)
  2. borderline: instability in mood, behavior, and self-image
  3. histrionic: constant attention-seeking
  4. narcissistic: grandiose and self-importance
109
Q

Cluster C

Personality disorder

A

anxious or fearful
1. avoidant personality: shyness and fear of rejection, desire social affection
2. dependent: continuous need for reassurance
3. OCPD: inflexible perfectionist (not OCD which is obsessive)

110
Q

Contributors to schizophrenia

A

genetic, trauma at birth (low O2), adolescent weed use

111
Q

Schizophrenic brain

A

structural changes, excessive dopamine

112
Q

schizophrenic treatment

A

neuroleptic (anti-psychotics)

113
Q

markers of depression

A
  • high glucose metabolism in amygdala
  • hippocampal atrophy after long duration of illness
  • very high level of cortisol
  • decreased norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
114
Q

markers of bipolar

A
  • increased norepinephrine and serotonin (monamine theory)
  • inheritence
  • MS
115
Q

evidence of Alzheimer’s

A
  • atrophy of brain
  • flattened sulci
  • enlarged cerebrall ventricles
  • deficient blood flow in parietal lobes
  • reduction in ACH and the enzyme that makes it
  • reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes
  • senile beta-amyloid plauqes
  • tangles of protein
116
Q

characteristics of Parkinson’s

A
  • bradykinesia: slowness in movement
  • resting tremor: appears when muscles not used
  • pill-rolling tremor
  • mask-like: rigid face
  • cogwheel: muscle tension
  • shuffling gait: stooped posture
  • depression and dementia
117
Q

biology of Parkinson’s

A
  • decreased dopamine production so improper functioning of basal ganglia
118
Q

antipsychotic drugs can have parkinsonian side effect, why ?

A

deceased dopamine

119
Q

parkinson meds have side effects of hallucinations, why?

A

increased dopamine

MCAT Psych / Soc (5 decks)

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