Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards
1
Q
how our brains process and react to the information overload presented to us by the world
A
cognition
2
Q
states that the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer
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information processing model
3
Q
development of one’s ability to think and solve problems
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cognitive development
4
Q
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
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Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
5
Q
one of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
focuses on manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reaction; object permanence ends stage
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sensorimotor stage
6
Q
one of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration
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preoperational stage
7
Q
inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
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egocentrism
8
Q
tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon
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centration
9
Q
one of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects
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concrete operational stage
10
Q
one of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
focuses on abstract thought and problem solving
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formal operational stage
11
Q
intelligence that consists of solving new or novel problems, possibly using creative methods
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fluid intelligence
12
Q
intelligence related to solving problems using acquired knowledge, often can be procedural
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crystallized intelligence
13
Q
causes normal mild level of cognitive decline
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aging
14
Q
disorders and conditions characterized by general loss of cognitive function
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dementia
15
Q
organic brain disorders, genetic and chromosomal conditions, metabolic derangements, and drug use are _____ that affect _____
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biological factors that affect cognition
16
Q
pattern of approach for a given problem
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mental set
17
Q
inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
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functional fixedness
18
Q
type of problem solving:
various solutions are tried until one is found to work
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trial-and-error
19
Q
type of problem solving:
formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem
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algorithm
20
Q
type of problem solving:
starts from set of general rules and draws conclusions from information given
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deductive (top-down) reasoning
21
Q
type of problem solving:
seeks to create a theory via generalizations
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inductive (bottom-up) reasoning
22
Q
shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make a decision
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heuristics
23
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exist when an experimenter or decision maker is unable to objectively evaluate information
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biases
24
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tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs
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confirmation bias
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a "gut feeling" regarding a particular decision
intuition
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subjective experience of a person in a certain situation; how a person feels often influences how a person thinks and makes decisions
emotion
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proposes seven areas of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
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intelligence that involves ability to evaluate and reason
analytical intelligence
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intelligence that involves ability to solve problems using novel methods
creative intelligence
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intelligence that involves dealing with every day problems at home or at work
practical intelligence
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intelligence that refers to the ability to perceive, express, understand, and manage one's emotions
emotional intelligence
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underlying variable of intelligence, often measured with standardized tests (such as Stanford-Binet ____ Test)
intelligence quotient (IQ)
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state of being awake and able to think, perceive, process, and express information, β and α waves predominate on EEG
alertness
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stage of sleep:
| light sleep dominated by theta waves on EEG
stage 1
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stage of sleep:
| slightly deeper sleep than stage 1; includes theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes
stage 2
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bursts of high-frequency waves during sleep
sleep spindles
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singular high amplitude waves during sleep
K complexes
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stage of sleep:
| deep (slow-wave) sleep (SWS); delta waves predominate EEG
stages 3 and 4
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includes stages 3 and 4 of sleep
NREM (non-rapid eye movement)
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mind appears close to awake on EEG, but person is asleep, eye movements and body paralysis occur in this stage; more frequent toward the morning
REM (rapid eye movement)
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refers to single complete progression through sleep stages; approximately 90 minutes for adults, normal cycle is stage 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or just 1-2-3-4-REM
sleep cycle
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changes in lighting in the evening trigger release by pineal gland resulting in sleepiness
melatonin
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levels increase in early morning to help promote wakefulness
cortisol
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mostly occurs during REM sleep
dreaming
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include dyssomnias (insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation) and parasomnias (night terrors, sleep walking)
sleep-wake disorders
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disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
dyssomnias
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abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
parasomnias
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state of consciousness in which individuals appear to be in control of normal functions, but are in highly suggestible state; often used for pain control, psychological therapy, memory enhancement, weight loss, and smoking cessation
hypnosis
49
involves a quieting of the mind and is often used for relief of anxiety
meditation
50
reduce nervous system activity, resulting in sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety; includes alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines that promote or mimic GABA activity in brain
depressants
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cause an increase in arousal in the nervous system by increasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin concentration at the synaptic cleft; include amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy
stimulants
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naturally occurring forms of opium; type of narcotic (painkiller); include morphine and codeine
opiates
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synthetic derivatives of opium; type of narcotic (painkiller); include oxycodone, hydrocodone, and heroin
opioids
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drugs which typically cause introspection, distortions of reality and fantasy, and enhancement of sensory experiences; include LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms
hallucinogens
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which is the psychoactive drug with lowest risk of dependence: stimulants, hallucinogens, alcohol, or sedatives
hallucinogens
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has depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects, active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
marijuana
57
pathway that mediates drug addiction; includes nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area; dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in this pathway
mesolimbic pathway
58
allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention
selective attention
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uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at once
divided attention
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consists of phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics
language
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refers to the actual sound of speech
phonology
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refers to building blocks of words, such as rules for pluralization (-s) or past tense (-ed)
morphology
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refers to the association of meaning with words
semantics
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refers to the rules dictating word order
syntax
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refers to the change in language delivery depending on context
pragmatics
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explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by the language acquisition device (LAD)
nativist (biological) theory
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explains language acquisition as being controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers
learning (behaviorist) theory
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explains language acquisition as being caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others
social interactionist theory
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states that the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language
Whorfian (linguistic relativity) hypothesis
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part of brain speech areas are found in
dominant hemisphere
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controls motor function of speech; damage can result in ____ aphasia
Broca's area (Broca's aphasia)
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nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort
Broca's aphasia
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controls language comprehension; damage can result in _____ aphasia
Wernicke's area (Wernicke's aphasia)
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fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension
Wernicke's aphasia
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connects Wernicke's area and Broca's area; damage results in conduction aphasia
arcuate fasiculus
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aphasia marked by inability to repeat words heard despite intact speech generation and comprehension
conduction aphasia
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is a systemic error made by study participants who forget or omit details from the data collection
recall bias
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occurs when information collected to quantify a particular disease outcome is incorrect
measurement bias
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explains the process through which two variables are related
meditating variable (mediator)
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dream theory:
| attributes dreams to random neuronal activity
activation synthesis theory
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dream theory:
| states that dreams are a way to solve problems during sleep
problem solving dream theory
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dream theory:
| states that dreams arise from the stream of consciousness being continuous during arousal and sleep
cognitive process dream theory
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dream theory:
| combines biological and psychological perspectives of dreaming with physiological change
neurocognitive model of dreaming
84
By Piaget, how is new information processed
Adaptation
85
How does adaptation come (2 ways)
Assimilation and Accommodation
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Assimilation
classifying new information into existing concepts
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Accommodation
existing concepts are modified to encompass new information
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Piaget's Stages
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
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Sensorimotor Stage
<2 years
manipulate the environment to meet physical needs and learn to coordinate sensory input with motor actions
exhibit primary and secondary circular reactions
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Primary circular reactions
repetitions of body movements that originally occurred by chance. Child repeats because they find these soothing
ex: thumb sucking
91
Secondary circular reactions
manipulation is focused on something outside of the body. This is repeated because child gets a response from the environment
ex: kid throws toy and parent retrieves
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Object Permanence
what ends the sensorimotor stage
understanding that objects continue existing even when out of view.
peek-a-boo is no longer entertaining
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Conservation
physical amount remains the same even if change in shape
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Representational thought
child begins to create mental representations of external objects and events
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Preoperational stage
2-7 years
symbolic thinking and egocentrism.
Cannot understand conservation
ex: will think a big 1 slice of pizza is less than 2 small slices
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Symbolic Thinking
pretend play, make-believe, and have an imagination
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Egocentrism
cannot imagine what a person may think or feel
98
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11 years
can understand conservation and the perspectives of others. Loss of egocentrism. Logical thought if the objects are concrete and info is given
cannot think abstractly
99
Formal operational stage
11 y/o
can think logically about abstract ideas. can manipulate variables.
can grasp scientific concepts and hypothetical reasoning
100
Vygotsky
internalization of culture (rules, symbols, language) drives cognitive development. Interaction and learning with and from others can further develop skills
101
Fluid intelligence
solving new problems using creative methods
peaks in early adulthood, declines with age
102
Crystallized intelligence
solving problems using acquired knowledge. can be procedural
peaks in middle adulthood and remains stable
103
Mental Set
tendency to approach similar problems in the same way
104
Functional fixedness
the inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional matter
105
Deductive (top-down) reasoning
starts from a general set of rules and draws conclusions from the given information
begins with retrieving sensory information from our external environment to build perceptions based on the current input of sensory information.
ex: logic puzzles
106
Inductive (bottom-up) reasoning
allow the stimulus itself to shape our perception, without any preconceived ideas.
interprets incoming information based on prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
107
Heuristics
"rule of thumb"
May lead us astray, but make quick decision making
108
availability heuristic
used when we base the likelihood of an event on how easily examples come to mind
109
Representative Heuristics
categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category
110
disconfirmation principle
the evidence shows that the solution did not work
111
confirmation bias
tendency to focus on info that fits beliefs, while rejecting what goes against them
can prevent an individual from eliminating the solution
112
Overconfidence
interpret one's beliefs as infallible
113
hindsight bias
overestimate ability
114
belief perseverance
inability to reject a belief despite clear evidence to the contrary
115
Intuition
the ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence.
"feels" correct
116
Recognition-primed decision model
from lots of experience, one can make decisions without needed explicit evidence
117
What are Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Musical
Naturalist
Visual-spatial
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Bodily-kinesthetic
(I Love My Natural Vag In Brandon Li)
118
Interpersonal Intelligence
ability to detect and navigate the moods and motivations of others
119
Intrapersonal Intelligence
being mindful of one's own emotions, strengths, and weaknesses, which can provide clear guidance of what role they should take in a group of society
120
Sternberg's triarchic theory of human intelligence
Analytical (evaluate and reason)
Creative (solve problems with novel methods)
Practical (dealing with everyday problems)
121
Emotional intelligence
addresses emotion intelligence:
1. express and perceive emotions in people
2. regulate our emotions
3. awareness of emotions shaping us
4. comprehend and understand emotions
122
IQ formula
(mental age / chronological age) x 100
123
By Galton, is intelligence genetic or environmental ?
genetic
but in reality, it is both
124
Consciousness
one's awareness of the world and their existence in it
125
Alertness
state of consciousness where we are awake and able to think. Can perceive, process, and verbalize info.
And experience physiological arousal.
Higher cortisol levels and EEG shows waking state
126
What part of the brain maintains alertness
prefrontal cortex, which communicate with reticular formation in the brainstem
127
waves in sleep
beta, alpha, theta, and delta + a 5th one for REM
BAT-D
128
when are beta waves evident?
when the person is alert or attending a mental task that requires concentration
high frequency and neurons are randomly firing
129
when are alpha waves evident?
when we are awake but relaxing with eyes are closed.
Slower than beta waves and more synchronized
130
when do you enter stage 1 / theta waves?
As soon as you doze off
irregular wave forms at slower frequencies and higher voltage
131
When do you enter stage 2 / NREM2
theta waves along with bursts of high frequency K complexes (single, high-amplitude waves)
132
When do you enter stage 3 / NREM3
fall even more deeply asleep (slow-wave sleep)
slower eeg activity and only a few sleep waves per second are seen. It is hard to wake someone up here
Associated with cognitive recovery and memory consolidation and increased growth hormone release
133
NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep
arousal levels reach that of wakefulness, but muscles are paralyzed
134
Why is REM called paradoxical sleep
one's heart rate, breathing patterns, and EEG mimic wakefulness, but they are still asleep
135
REM memory consolidation type
procedural (performance of a person)
136
Slow-wave sleep (SWS) consolidation type
declarative (recall and retrieval)
137
Sleep cycle
single complete progression through the sleep stages.
138
Melatonin
serotonin-derived hormone released from the pineal gland
the retina has direct communication to the hypothalamus, so decreasing light causes the release of melatonin
139
Cortisol
steroid produced in the adrenal cortex
Levels increase during early morning, as light causes the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus
CRF causes a release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary, simulating cortisol release
140
What stage are dreams longer and more vivid
NREM, not REM
141
Activation-Synthesis Theory
dreams are caused by random activation of neural circuitry, which mimics incoming sensory information and consists pieces of stored memory, desires, needs, and experiences. The cortex stitches these together to make a dream
142
Problem Solving Brain Theory
dreams are a way to solve life problems while seeing, as interpretation is different from when awake
143
Cognitive Process Dream Theory
dreams are a sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness. Content of dream rapidly shifts
144
Two categories of sleep-wake disorders
dyssomnias and parasomnias
145
Dyssomnias
disorders that make it difficult to sleep, stay asleep.
Insomnia, Narcolepsy, and Sleep apnea
146
Parasomnias
abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep. Includes night terrors and sleep walking
most occur during NREM
147
Insomnia
difficulty falling asleep of staying asleep
can be related to anxiety, depression, medications, or disruptions of circadian rhythm and sleep cycle
148
Narcolepsy
lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep
includes catalepsy, sleep paralysis, and hallucinations
149
cataplexy
loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours
150
sleep paralysis
being unable to move despite being awake
151
hypnagogic and hypopomic hallucinations
hallucinations when going to sleep or waking
152
Sleep apnea
inability to breathe during sleep. Wake in the middle of the night to breathe
Brain fails to send signals to the diaphragm to breathe
153
Night terrors
common in children.
Periods of intense anxiety during slow-wave sleep
154
Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
during SWS
155
REM rebound
earlier and greater duration of REM after sleep deprivation
156
Hypnosis
a state in which a person appears to be in control of normal functions, but can succumb to suggestions of others
157
Meditation in the eeg
resembles stage 1 sleep, with theta and slow alpha waves
158
Depressants
reduce nervous system activity, leading to relaxation and reduced anxiety
159
Alcohol
a depressant.
Increases GABA receptor, which causes hyperpolarization of the membrane. Causing generalized brain inhibition, resulting in diminished arousal
Disinhibition: lack of self control
Increases dopamine levels, causing mild euphoria
160
Alcohol myopia
cannot recognize consequences of actions, creating a short-sighted view of the world
161
Wernicke-Korsakoff's Syndrome
brain disorder from alcoholism
deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B).
Severe memory impairment with changes in metal status and loss of motor skills
162
Sedatives and 2 types
depressant of CNS activity which results in relaxation and drowsiness
Barbituates and Benzodiazepines
163
Barbituates and Benzodiazepines
anxiety-reducing and sleep medications
increase GABA activity, producing a feeling of relaxation
Barbs mostly replaced by benzodiazepines, as benz are less prone to overdose
164
Stimulants
increase in arousal in the nervous system. Increases the frequency of action potentials
165
Amphetamines
causes increased arousal by increasing the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin at the synapse.
decreased appetite and need for sleep. Increased heart rate and blood pressure. Hypervigilance (being on edge), anxiety, delusions, paranoia
166
Cocaine
acts on dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, and decreases reuptake of the neurotransmitters.
decreased appetite and need for sleep. Increased heart rate and blood pressure. Hypervigilance (being on edge), anxiety, delusions, paranoia
167
Ecstasy
hallucinogen + amphetamine.
All of amphetamine effects + euphoria, well-being, and connectedness
168
Opiates and opioids
narcotics and painkillers
bind to opioid receptors in PNS and CNS. Act as endorphin agonists, creating a decreased reaction to pain and a sense of euphoria
Opiates are natural (morphine, codeine)
Opioids are derived (oxycodone, heroin)
169
Heroin
rapidly metabolizes to morphine
170
Hallucinogens
interaction between neurotransmitters, esp seratonin
cause distortions of reality and enhance sensory experiences. Increased heart rate, dilation of pupils
171
Marijuana
THC acts at cannabinoid, glycine, and opioid receptors. THC inhibits GABA activity and increased dopamine activity (pleasure).
stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen
172
mesolimbic reward pathway
related to drug addiction
1. nucleus accumbens
2. ventral tegmental area
3. connection between 1 and 2 is the medial forebrain bundle
the above are involved in motivation and emotional response. Its activation accounts for the positive reinforcement of substance use. Addiction pathway
173
Selective Attention
we can focus on one thing and ignore background, unless something stark happens like ur name being called
174
Dichotic listening tests
test selective attention
175
Divided attention
perform multiple tasks at the same time
familiar processes with automatic processing
176
5 components of Language
Phonology: sound
Morphology: structure of words
Semantics: association of meaning with a word
Syntax: words put together into a sentence
Pragmatics: dependence of lang on context
177
Categorical perception
distinguish sounds
178
Timeline of language acquisition
9-12 mts: babbling
12-18 mts: one word per month
18-20 mts: "explosion of lang" combining words
2-3 yrs: longer sentences (3+ words)
5 yrs: language rules mastered
179
Chomsky's Navist (biological) theory
existence of some innate capacity for language.
transformational grammar: multiple ways to form a sentence to mean the same thing
180
language acquisition device (LAD)
pathway in brain that allows infants to process and absorb language rules
181
Navist critical period
2 years and puberty
182
Skinner's Leaning (Behaviorist) Theory
language acquisition through operant conditioning by reinforcement. Repeat and reinforce sounds
183
Social interactionist theory
lang development is the interplay between biological and social processes.
184
Whorfian / linguistic-relativity hypothesis
our perception of reality is determined by the context of lang. Lang affects how we think
185
What is in the left hemisphere for language
Broca and Wernicke's areas
connected by the arcuate fasciculus
186
Broaca's area
in the inferior frontal gyrus
motor function of speech via connections with the motor cortex
187
Wernike's area
in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe
language comprehension
188
Aphasia
deficit of language production or comprehension
189
Broaca's (expressive) aphasia
speech comprehension is intact, but speaking it is reduced or absent
190
Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia
comprehension of speech if lost, so they speak nonsensical sounds and word combos devoid of meaning. Think they are speaking but are not
191
Conduction Aphasia
when the arcutate fasciculus if affected. So, the patient cannot repeat something that has been said, as the connection between broaca's and wericke's is lost.
