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MCAT Psych / Soc > Motivation, Emotion, and Stress > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

A

motivation

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2
Q

motivation based on external circumstances

A

extrinsic

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3
Q

motivation based on internal drive or perception

A

intrinsic

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4
Q

the primary factors that influence emotion:

A

instincts, arousal, drives, and needs

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5
Q

innate, fixed patterns of behavior

A

instincts

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6
Q

theory of motivation:

people perform certain behaviors because of evolutionarily programmed instincts

A

instinct theory

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7
Q

the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

A

arousal

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8
Q

Arousal theory

A

people perform actions to maintain arousal, at an optimal level

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9
Q

shows that performance is optimal at medium level of arousal.

lower levels of arousal are better for high cognitive tasks, whereas high levels are better for physical things

simple tasks require higher arousal over complex tasks

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

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10
Q

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals

A

drives

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11
Q

motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes in homeostasis

A

primary drives

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12
Q

motivate us to fulfill nonbiological, emotional, or “learned” desires

A

secondary drives

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13
Q

4 primary factors that influence motivation

A

instints, arousal, drives, and needs

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14
Q

theory of motivation:

motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

A

drive reduction theory

can be used to define motivational states within conditioning

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15
Q

relatively long-lasting feelings that require relief or satisfaction and tend to influence action

A

needs

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16
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  1. Self-actualization: realize one’s fullest potential
  2. esteem: confidence and respect
  3. Love/Belonging
  4. Safety
  5. Physiological
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17
Q

self-determination theory

A

emphasizes the role of three universal needs:
autonomy (control)
competence (excel)
relatedness (belong)

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18
Q

incentive theory

A

explains motivation not by need or arousal, but rather for reward and avoidance of punishment

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19
Q

expectancy-value theory

A

theory of motivation:

the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

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20
Q

opponent-process theory

A

explains motivation for drug use; as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

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21
Q

type of motivation related to sexual arousal and hormones being affected by biological and cultural and societal factors

A

sexual motivation

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22
Q

is a state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships; has three components

physiological
behavioral
cognitive

A

emotion

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23
Q

component of emotion:

subjective interpretation based on past experiences and perception

A

cognitive

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24
Q

component of emotion:

facial expressions and body language

A

behavioral

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25
Q

component of emotion:

changes in autonomic nervous system by the emotion

A

physiological

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26
Q

Adaptive role of emotion

Evolutionary Perspective

A

by Darwin, everything we do is based on programs designed for any problem encountered. Emotions are evolutionarily adapted

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27
Q

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

A

seven universal emotions

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28
Q

James-Lange theory

A

stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response– emotion.

29
Q

theory of emotion:

nervous system arousal leads to an emotional experience

A

James-Lange theory

30
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

physiological arousal and feeling emotion occur at the same time. After a stimulus, info is sent both to the cortex and sympathethic nervous system

31
Q

theory of emotion:

arousal of the nervous system and the experiences of emotion occur simultaneously

A

Cannon-Bard theory

32
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

Cognitive Arousal / Two-Factor Theory

A

physiological arousal and cognitive label are needed to experience emotion

must analyze environment in relation to nervous system arousal

33
Q

theory of emotion:

nervous system arousal is combined with cognition to create the experience of emotion

A

Schachter-Singer theory

34
Q

the primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion and motivation

A

limbic system

Amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, some cerebral cortex

35
Q

part of limbic system:
is involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

processes the surroundings to produce emotion

A

amygdala

36
Q

is a sensory processing station. routes information to the cortex

part of the limbic system

A

thalamus

37
Q

releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal. dictates emotional states

part of limbic system:

A

hypothalamus

38
Q

creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories

limbic system, within temporal lobe

A

hippocampus

39
Q

implicit memory system– emotional memory

A

Amygdala

40
Q

part of limbic system:

anterior portion of frontal lobe; involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions; three divisions

A

prefrontal cortex

41
Q

division of prefrontal cortex:

associated with attention and cognition

A

dorsal prefrontal cortex

42
Q

division of prefrontal cortex:

critical for experiencing emotion

A

ventral prefrontal cortex

43
Q

division of prefrontal cortex:

involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision making

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

44
Q

the physiological and cognitive responses to challenges or life changes

A

stress

45
Q

the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress; consists of two stages

A

stress (cognitive) appraisal

46
Q

step of stress (cognitive) appraisal:

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

A

primary appraisal

47
Q

step of stress (cognitive) appraisal:

directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge

A

secondary appraisal

48
Q

anything that leads to a stress response; can include environment, daily events, workplace or academic settings, social expectations, chemicals, and biological ____

A

stressors

49
Q

include pressure, control, predictability, frustration, and conflict

A

psychological stressors

50
Q

occurs when a stressor is perceived as unpleasant (e.g. a threat)

A

distress

51
Q

the result of a positively-perceived stressor

A

eustress

52
Q

sequence of physiological responses when body is subjected to a stress as developed by Hans Selye; three stages

A

general adaptation theory

53
Q

stage of general adaptation theory:

initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

alarm

54
Q

stage of general adaptation theory:
second stage in which continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight stressor

A

resistance

55
Q

stage of general adaptation theory:

third stage when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity

A

exhaustion

56
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

physiological need (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)

57
Q

James on motivation

A

humans were motivated by more instincts than any other animal. Instincts were in direct conflict

58
Q

McDougall on motivation

A

humans were led to all thought and behavior based on 18 instincts

59
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, making decisions

receives arousal input from the brainstem to coordinate arousal and cognitive states

60
Q

Doral prefrontal cortex

a

A

attention and cognition

61
Q

brain involved in emotion

A

ventral prefrontal cortex and autonomic nervous system

62
Q

ventromedial

A

decision making

63
Q

Stages of cognitive appraisal

A

primary and secondary appraisal

64
Q

primary appraisal

A

initial evalutation of the environment and associated threat

irrelevant, benign (positive), or stressful

65
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

evaluating whether the organism can cope with stress

evaluate:
- harm or damage
- threat (potential for future damage)
- challenge (potential to overcome and benefit from event)

66
Q

Distress vs Eustress

A

unpleasant (threat) vs positive (challenge)

67
Q

How does the body initially respond to stress

A

“fight or flight”

68
Q

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome stages

A
  1. Alarm: activation of sympathetic nervous system. ACTH secreted to produce cortisol, which maintains steady blood sugar supply
  2. Resistance: continuous release of hormones allows SNS to remain engaged to fight the stressor
  3. Exhaustion: body can no longer maintain elevated response with SNS activity. Here, individuals are more susceptible to illness

MCAT Psych / Soc (5 decks)

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