Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

motivation based on external circumstances

Answer 2

extrinsic

Question 3

motivation based on internal drive or perception

Answer 3

intrinsic

Question 4

the primary factors that influence emotion:

Answer 4

instincts, arousal, drives, and needs

Question 5

innate, fixed patterns of behavior

Answer 5

instincts

Question 6

theory of motivation:

people perform certain behaviors because of evolutionarily programmed instincts

Answer 6

instinct theory

Question 7

the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Answer 7

arousal

Question 8

Arousal theory

Answer 8

people perform actions to maintain arousal, at an optimal level

Question 9

shows that performance is optimal at medium level of arousal.

lower levels of arousal are better for high cognitive tasks, whereas high levels are better for physical things

simple tasks require higher arousal over complex tasks

Answer 9

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 10

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals

Answer 10

drives

Question 11

motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes in homeostasis

Answer 11

primary drives

Question 12

motivate us to fulfill nonbiological, emotional, or “learned” desires

Answer 12

secondary drives

Question 13

4 primary factors that influence motivation

Answer 13

instints, arousal, drives, and needs

Question 14

theory of motivation:

motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

Answer 14

drive reduction theory

can be used to define motivational states within conditioning

Question 15

relatively long-lasting feelings that require relief or satisfaction and tend to influence action

Answer 15

needs

Question 16

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 16

1. Self-actualization: realize one’s fullest potential
2. esteem: confidence and respect
3. Love/Belonging
4. Safety
5. Physiological

Question 17

self-determination theory

Answer 17

emphasizes the role of three universal needs:
autonomy (control)
competence (excel)
relatedness (belong)

Question 18

incentive theory

Answer 18

explains motivation not by need or arousal, but rather for reward and avoidance of punishment

Question 19

expectancy-value theory

Answer 19

theory of motivation:

the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

Question 20

opponent-process theory

Answer 20

explains motivation for drug use; as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

Question 21

type of motivation related to sexual arousal and hormones being affected by biological and cultural and societal factors

Answer 21

sexual motivation

Question 22

is a state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships; has three components

physiological
behavioral
cognitive

Answer 22

emotion

Question 23

component of emotion:

subjective interpretation based on past experiences and perception

Answer 23

cognitive

Question 24

component of emotion:

facial expressions and body language

Answer 24

behavioral

Question 25

component of emotion: | changes in autonomic nervous system by the emotion

Answer 25

physiological

Question 26

Adaptive role of emotion | Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 26

by Darwin, everything we do is based on programs designed for any problem encountered. Emotions are evolutionarily adapted

Question 27

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

Answer 27

seven universal emotions

Question 28

James-Lange theory

Answer 28

stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response-- emotion.

Question 29

theory of emotion: | nervous system arousal leads to an emotional experience

Answer 29

James-Lange theory

Question 30

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 30

physiological arousal and feeling emotion occur at the same time. After a stimulus, info is sent both to the cortex and sympathethic nervous system

Question 31

theory of emotion: | arousal of the nervous system and the experiences of emotion occur simultaneously

Answer 31

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 32

Schachter-Singer Theory | Cognitive Arousal / Two-Factor Theory

Answer 32

physiological arousal and cognitive label are needed to experience emotion | must analyze environment in relation to nervous system arousal

Question 33

theory of emotion: | nervous system arousal is combined with cognition to create the experience of emotion

Answer 33

Schachter-Singer theory

Question 34

the primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion and motivation

Answer 34

limbic system | Amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, some cerebral cortex

Question 35

part of limbic system: is involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory processes the surroundings to produce emotion

Answer 35

amygdala

Question 36

is a sensory processing station. routes information to the cortex | part of the limbic system

Answer 36

thalamus

Question 37

releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal. dictates emotional states | part of limbic system:

Answer 37

hypothalamus

Question 38

creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories | limbic system, within temporal lobe

Answer 38

hippocampus

Question 39

implicit memory system-- emotional memory

Answer 39

Amygdala

Question 40

part of limbic system: | anterior portion of frontal lobe; involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions; three divisions

Answer 40

prefrontal cortex

Question 41

division of prefrontal cortex: | associated with attention and cognition

Answer 41

dorsal prefrontal cortex

Question 42

division of prefrontal cortex: | critical for experiencing emotion

Answer 42

ventral prefrontal cortex

Question 43

division of prefrontal cortex: | involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision making

Answer 43

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 44

the physiological and cognitive responses to challenges or life changes

Answer 44

stress

Question 45

the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress; consists of two stages

Answer 45

stress (cognitive) appraisal

Question 46

step of stress (cognitive) appraisal: | classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Answer 46

primary appraisal

Question 47

step of stress (cognitive) appraisal: | directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge

Answer 47

secondary appraisal

Question 48

anything that leads to a stress response; can include environment, daily events, workplace or academic settings, social expectations, chemicals, and biological ____

Answer 48

stressors

Question 49

include pressure, control, predictability, frustration, and conflict

Answer 49

psychological stressors

Question 50

occurs when a stressor is perceived as unpleasant (e.g. a threat)

Answer 50

distress

Question 51

the result of a positively-perceived stressor

Answer 51

eustress

Question 52

sequence of physiological responses when body is subjected to a stress as developed by Hans Selye; three stages

Answer 52

general adaptation theory

Question 53

stage of general adaptation theory: | initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 53

alarm

Question 54

stage of general adaptation theory: second stage in which continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight stressor

Answer 54

resistance

Question 55

stage of general adaptation theory: | third stage when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity

Answer 55

exhaustion

Question 56

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 56

physiological need (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)

Question 57

James on motivation

Answer 57

humans were motivated by more instincts than any other animal. Instincts were in direct conflict

Question 58

McDougall on motivation

Answer 58

humans were led to all thought and behavior based on 18 instincts

Question 59

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 59

planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, making decisions receives arousal input from the brainstem to coordinate arousal and cognitive states

Question 60

Doral prefrontal cortex | a

Answer 60

attention and cognition

Question 61

brain involved in emotion

Answer 61

ventral prefrontal cortex and autonomic nervous system

Question 62

ventromedial

Answer 62

decision making

Question 63

Stages of cognitive appraisal

Answer 63

primary and secondary appraisal

Question 64

primary appraisal

Answer 64

initial evalutation of the environment and associated threat | irrelevant, benign (positive), or stressful

Question 65

Secondary appraisal

Answer 65

evaluating whether the organism can cope with stress evaluate: - harm or damage - threat (potential for future damage) - challenge (potential to overcome and benefit from event)

Question 66

Distress vs Eustress

Answer 66

unpleasant (threat) vs positive (challenge)

Question 67

How does the body initially respond to stress

Answer 67

"fight or flight"

Question 68

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome stages

Answer 68

1. Alarm: activation of sympathetic nervous system. ACTH secreted to produce cortisol, which maintains steady blood sugar supply 2. Resistance: continuous release of hormones allows SNS to remain engaged to fight the stressor 3. Exhaustion: body can no longer maintain elevated response with SNS activity. Here, individuals are more susceptible to illness