Social/Multicultural Flashcards
Ellen Berscheid research into relationships
Problems associated with relationship satisfaction and stability
Emotional experiences within relationships.
People underestimate the effect of external factors on relationship satisfaction
Underestimate emotional investment in relationship when things are going smoothly
Object Relations Theory as it relates to intimate relationship
Early parental relationships, shape marital and other intimate relationships
Gottman
Importance of friendship and successful marriage
Effects of overcrowding
Both men and women are impacted by overcrowding, but men have negative. Negative mood States in high density, while women have negative moods in low density.
Appraisal of controllability impacts the effects of overcrowding
Illnesses increase with higher density
Crowding leads to withdrawal, such as lower levels of eye contact and increased interpersonal distance
Troidan’s model of gay and lesbian identity development
- Sensitization: Pre-Puberty, feel different, low self-esteem
- Identity confusion: 17 to 18, aware of sexuality, conflict and confusion, may continue to deny
- Identity assumption: 19-22, reduction and isolation and increased contact. Acknowledge membership and group, but still have some negative attitudes
- Commitment: integrates identity, more comfortable, open
Overjustification hypothesis
You’ll stop engaging in a desirable activity after being externally rewarded for it
Self-Perception Theory
People infer attitudes from watching their behavior and the context
Shachter epinephrine study
Social comparison Theory
We compare ourselves to others in order to evaluate our behavior
Schacters misery loves miserable company study (talk to people who gonna get shock)
Helms white racial identity development model
CDRPIA - Can Dis Racist Prick Integrate Already
- Contact ignorance, little contact with POC
- Disintegration: OMG I’m racist?? Internal conflict, daniel, avoid POC
- Reintegration: not good, double down on white supremacy
- Pseudo-independence: start to question, disavow whiteness, Associate more with POC
- Immersion/Emersion: Self-Examination, info seeking, may try to change white people’s attitudes (North Node)
- Autonomy: synthesis an integration, openness and awareness of how whiteness interacts with other cultures, continual openness to new ways of thinking
Heterosexism
Belief in the superiority of heterosexuals, negative attitudes towards homosexuals
Different from homophobia, which is specifically fear of homosexuals
George Kelly personal construct Theory
We perceived the world according to what we expect to see. Expectations are based on previous experience. As experience changes, we revise our expectation
Repertory grid technique: used in IO, related to clients conceptual model of the world
Crosses model of black identity development
Moves from white frame of reference to positive black frame of reference
- Pre-encounter (same as conformity) - prefers dominant culture, negative attitude about minority culture
- Encounter (same as dissonance) - conflict, begins to appreciate minority culture, question dominant culture
- Immersion-emersion (same as resistance) - flip flop from beginning, completely. Prefer minority culture, reject majority culture
- Internalization (same as introspection) - deeper analysis of attitudes and feelings, recognize value in each cultures, ethnocentrism diminishes, replaced by interest in oppression experience by groups
- Internalization- commitment (same as synergetic articulation and awareness) - both appreciate and think critically about aspects of all cultures
Minority identity development model, Atkinson, Morton and Sue
Start with a preference for dominant culture, shift to preference for minority culture, integrate the two
- Conformity: unequivocally prefers dominant culture
- Dissonance: conflict, starts to question dominant culture, begin to value minority culture
- Resistance: Flip flop from beginning, complete identification with minority culture and rejection of dominant culture. Racial pride is substituted for self-hatred
- Introspection: deeper analysis of attitudes and feelings, see how intense negative attitudes is training and dominant culture can be functional and desirable, ethnocentrism decreases and is replaced by interest in oppression experienced by other groups
- Synergetic articulation and awareness: ability to appreciate and think critically about aspects of all cultures
Types of group tasks
Additive: all members efforts are combined together
Disjunctive: outcome impacted by most effective member
Conjunctive: outcome limited by least effective member
Hawthorne, Rosenthal, Barnum effects
Hawthorne effect: being observed. Impacts performance
Rosenthal effect: self-fulfilling prophecy
Barnum effect: finding personal meaning and a statement that could apply to anyone
Social buffer effect
Perceived social support impacts health
Elaboration likelihood model
Model of attitude change persuasion occurs through
- Central (The message itself) route
- Peripheral route (not Central to the message, other things such as attractiveness of speaker)
Five theories of emotion
- James-Lange: Physio first, then interpretation
- Cannon-Bard: Physio + interpretation at same time
- Schacter’s 2-factor: Internal and External factors - interpret physio in light of external context (epinephrine study)
- Lazarus: Thought first, them emo or physio
- Facial feedback: Face cues brain what emotion feeling
Weber’s law
Just noticeable difference
We perceive relative differences in stimuli. For example, a whisper is heard in a library, but not a loud room
Heider attribution Theory
Original attribution Theory
Two types of attributions, or causal explanations for why we do things:
- dispositional/ internal: within the person
- situational/external: outside of the person
Kelley attribution Theory
Consider three things when making an attribution:
- Consistency: does the person behave the same way over time
- Distinctiveness: is their behavior unique to the situation or the same across all contexts?
- Consensus: to other people in that context act the same way
Internal attributions: high consistency, low distinctiveness, low consensus
External attributions: high on all three
Weiner attribution Theory
Added the dimension of stability to hiders internal/external attributions
Attributions are made based on whether factors are stable or not
Coined learned helplessness: internal, stable, global attributions lead to depression
Abramson & Alloy attribution Theory
Depressed people make more accurate attributions, because non-depressed people have” illusion of control”
Four consistency theories of attitude, formation and change
- Balance Theory: two people have an attitude toward the same thing, attitude change comes from an imbalance between the two
- Symmetry Theory: similar to balance Theory, but considers the intensity of the relationship, EG spouse is more important to attitude change
- Congruity theory: person will change their attitude toward what they already feel the most affinity for
- Cognitive dissonance: attitude changes when we feel bad feelings from inconsistency inside us. Festinger & Carlsmith $1/$20 study
