Developmental Flashcards
Erikson’s Stages & Strengths
1 (Bun). Trust v Mistrust - Hope. Baby rust colored bun that you hope doesn’t give you tetanus. (Baby needs to learn to trust the world, and hopes they can!)
2 (Shoe). Autonomy v Shame/doubt - Will. 1-3. Toddler has the autonomy to poop in a shoe and feels shame, but they WILL DO IT!!
3 (Tree). Initiative v Guilt - Purpose. 3-6 yo. Init a nice tree! Young kid has the initiative to climb a tree - and I frequently did! But felt guilty for going too high. Climbed trees with a Purpose (hiding when I got caught stealing hehe)
4 (Door). Industry v Inferiority - Competence. 7-11 yo. Go through the door to education, ring the bell of Competence.
5 (Skydive). Identity v Confusion - Fidelity. 12-18. Adolescence is a skydive into identity development. You’d better have good fidelity to your parachute to stay safe from confusion!
6 (Sticks). Intimacy v isolation - Love. 19-29 yo. Stick with me baby! So intimate we stick together like glue. Love sticks us together.
7 (Heaven). Generativity v Stagnation - Care. 30-64 yo. Gonna generate all that good karma to get me into heaven. Do it because I CARE about humanity!
8 (Plate). Integrity v Despair - Wisdom. 65+. Collection plate - you cash in on what you’ve been sowing. Feed the world with all that wisdom you’ve been cooking
Assimilation v accommodation
Assimilation: taking new experience and assimilate it into existing cognitive structure
Accommodation adjust existing cognitive structure to accommodate new information
Sapir-whorf hypothesis of language development
Speakers of different languages think differently because language is structured differently
Pre-Operational stage
2-7 yo
Intuitive thinking (not logical)
Egocentrism
Phenomenalistic causality
Animism
Irreversibility
Centration
Sensorimotor stage
0-2 yo
Learn through sense and movement
Object permanence
Symbolic representation
Concrete operational stage
7-11 yo
Logical thinking /reasoning
Operational thought
Conservation
Formal operational stage
11+ yo
Abstract thinking
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Metacognition
Constructivism
Learn new knowledge based on foundation of previous knowledge and interacting with environment, Montessori
Equalibration
Strive for balance between person and environment and between schemata
Kohlberg Moral Reasoning Theory
- Preconventional (4-10) - avoid punishment/ get reward
Punishment obedience
Instrumental hedonism - Conventional (10+) - social approval/ being a good person
Good boy good girl
Law and order - Post-conventional (13+) - Right/ fair/just
Morality of contract, individual rights, democratically accepted laws
Individual principles of conscience
Piaget Moral Development
- Heteronomous: 5-10 yo, rules are decided by authorities, cannot be changed, rigid
- Autonomous: 10+, rules are flexible, agreed upon by others, can be changed if necessary
Stages of gender role development
Gender roles: from birth
Gender identity: 3 years old, can categorize self as M/F
Gender stability: 4 years old, gender doesn’t change over time
Gender constancy: 5-6 years old, gender stays same despite changes in appearance
Patterson’s coercion model of aggression
Three steps lead to child delinquency
- Parents act aggressively and coercively, cycle of escalating coercion
- Academic failure and aggression
- Depression and deviant peer relations
Social referencing
When baby uses cues from Mom to deal with affective uncertainty. Comment at about one year
Rapprochement
Baby vacillates, between going to the mother and moving away from her. Happens between 16 to 24 months
Effects of divorce on children
2/3 do not suffer long lasting negative effects
Most recover between 3 to 5 years
More negative effects if parents openly argue in front of children
Younger children initially demonstrate worse adjustment than adolescence, but adolescence at the time of divorce have more problems later in life
Vygotsky social development theory of cognition
Cognitive development results from social interaction
Zone of proximal development: distance between what child can do independently and what they need, adult guidance or peer collaboration for
Scaffolding: teachers adjust help based on child’s performance
Reciprocal teaching: dialogue between teacher and students
Carol Gilligan’s model of moral development for women
Justice perspective: males prefer, emphasizes fairness
Caring perspective: women prefer, emphasizes responsibilities to specific people
Three level model of moral development:
1. Orientation of individual survival- only focus on own needs
2. Goodness as self-sacrifice- only focus on others needs
3. Morality of non-violence: focus on self and other needs
Freud stages of psychosexual development
Oral - 0-1 yo
Anal - 1-3
Phallic - 3-6
Latency - 6-12
Genital - 12-18
James Marcia adolescent identity formation stages
Combination of crisis and commitment
- Identity achievement: had crisis, resolved and made commitment
- Foreclosure: bypassed crisis, made commitment
- Moratorium: crisis with no commitment, stuck in the struggle
- Identity diffusion: no crisis or commitment, just drifting
Margaret Mahler developmental stages
Processes of separation (physical) and individuation (psychological Independence)
- Normal infantile autism: first month, unaware of the world
- Symbiosis: 2-4 months, one with Mom
- Differentiation: 5-10 months, stranger anxiety, child can tell Mom is different from others
- Practicing: 10-16 months, separation anxiety, childs can physically distance with movement
- Rapprochement: 16-24 months, go back and forth between mom
- Object constancy: 2-3 unify good and bad mom into a whole
Holophrasic speech
Use single word to communicate complex idea
12-18 months
Telegraphic speech
Put two words together, noun verb sentence (“ give candy”)
18-24 months
Overextension and under extension in early speech
Characteristic of around 18 months
Overextension: word is used to broadly (e.g. family dog’s name for all dogs)
Under extension: word is used too narrowly (e.g. dog ONLY for family dog)
