Social learning theory Flashcards
Behaviourism
unilateral causation
Environment = behaviour
Personality is a collection of learned habits
Behaviour is completely determined by the external environment
No free will, personality - collection of learned habits Behaviour
Overlooked thinking
social learning theory
includes perceptions, thinking and mental events in personality
bandura
study the environment to understand why people behave as they do
Also believes in cognitive processes are important in determining behaviour
Bandura’s approach- individual is an active player responding to both inner stimuli and external environment
Triadic reciprocal determination
environment causes behaviour but behaviour causes environment too
Reciprocal determination- Personality is an interaction of environment, behaviour and personal factors
People do have free will - cognitive processes allow some control in selecting the situation we operate in
personal agency
believe that you can change things to make them better for yourself and others
proxy agency
people influence others who have means to act on their behalf to realise their goals
collective agency
people act together as a team or a group to realise their shared goals
Anticipate outcome of behaviour - bandura?
yes, bandura argues that people represent external events symbolically and later use verbal representations or imaginable representations to guide our behaviour
Trial and error
See consequences and modify actions accordingly
Most of our behaviour is not controlled by immediate external reinforcement
Make decisions based on anticipation of consequences
observational learning - modelling
observational learning occurs as consequence of watching the behaviour of some other person
Less confident individuals imitate the model
Individuals are more likely to adopt modelled behaviour is the model is similar to themself
Also vicarious reinforcement - results in outcomes they value (will adopt modelled behaviour)
factors important in modelling
- Characteristics of the model - similar to us
- Characteristics of the observer - less confident individuals imitate behaviour more
- The consequences of he observed behaviour - children imitate the behaviour when not being punished (bobo doll)
Gergely, bekkering and Kirsty, 2002
14 month old watched an adult model turning on the light using forehead or hands
- if models did with forehead 69% imitated behaviour
- if models did it with hands - 21%
Observational learning is compels - not just automatic
self-efficacy beliefs
beliefs you can master something if you put effort in
Not equal to actual skill
Bandura and media
He Believes media facilitates aggression in people by the time the average child graduates from elementary school he or she would have witnessed more than 8000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence on television and about 75% go unpunished
low efficacy
avoid threatening situations they don’t think they can cope with. Perform in threatening situations they focus on possible negative outcomes - remain defensive and fearful
high efficacy
engage in challenging task where they have an opportunity to develop new skills, challenging, maximum effort, persist in pursuing goals against obstacles - more success
Weak belief in self-efficacy
shy away in difficult tasks, low aspirations and weak commitments to goals, maintain a self-diagnostic focus, dwell on deficiencies, obstacles and adverse outcomes, attribute failures to deficient capabilities, slacken efforts to give up in difficulty, slow to recover after failure or set back, prone to stress and depression,
high belief in self-efficacy
set challenging goals, sustain string commitment to goals, approach difficult tasks rather than see them as threats, attribute failures to insufficient effort, heighten efforts in face of difficulty, quickly recover in sense of efficacy after failure or setback, display low vulnerability to stress and depression
Rotter and locus of control
locus of control describes general expectancies. On the basis of learning experiences people come to believe that either reinforcement is controlled by the outside factors or by own behaviour
internal locus of control
outcomes are within your control, determined by your hard work, attributions and decisions
external locus of control
outcomes are outside your control, fate and independent of hard work or decisions, god
reinforcement value
partly subjective as to how punishing they are
behaviour potential
the likelihood of engaging in a behaviour
differences between locus of control and efficacy
locus of control - everything
Efficacy - specific skill or behaviour
