Social Learning Flashcards
watching and imitating others, do this through modeling behaviors, process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
observational learning
activated when we are imitating people and observing them, “see monkey do” when a monkey grasps something, neurons are firing when you watch and do the behavior
mirror neurons
trained monkeys to prefer pink or blue colored corn, one taste bad and trained them to prefer one over the other, baby monkeys learned from adults and would prefer the ones that adults liked
Erica van de Waal
belonging/fitting into a group, two conditions appear to be critical for group formation (reciprocity and transivity)
ingroup membership
anyone outside of the group that does not “fit in”
- ingroups think about this group
-homogeneity effect, attributions, stereotypes
outgroup membership
tendency to view outgroup members as less diverse and varied than ingroup members
outgroup homogeneity effect
Fritz Heider sough to explain others behaviors, stated we can attribute the behaviors to the persons stable, enduring traits (disposition attribution) or we can attribute it to the situation (situational attribution)
Social Thinking Attribution Theory
overestimate dispositional (personal) attribution and underestimate situational attribution
Ex: if someone shows up to class late we think, “oh they are lazy, they do not want to be here, they are not smart”, we are overestimating the situation, there could be underlying reasons why someone shows up late
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
overestimated situational attribution to explain oneself s while overestimating dispositional traits to explain other peoples behavior
* If I showed up late you are the over estimator, “oh I GOT stuck in traffic”
Actor/Observer Discrepancy (AOE)
‣ Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
‣ We adopt new roles throughout our lives and can be convinced to “role play” based on our social surroundings
Attitude and Actions
◦ Peripheral Route
‣ The “less important” cues and factors
‣ Ex: attractiveness
Routes of Persuasion
‣ Focusing on the arguments and thoughts
‣ Ex: supporting movements because of the facts
Central Route
- If people agree to small requests, they become more likely to comply with a large and sometimes undesirable request
Foot-in-The-Door
- People are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request
Door-in-The-Face
- People who have already agreed to buy a product will often agree to pay the increased cost
Low Bailing
Leon Festinger
to relive tension, we often bring our attitudes into line with out actions, we want to avoid discomfort
Dissonance->discomfort
Cognitions-> thoughts
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
‣ As we cycle through new roles in our life, we conform with the social scripts put forward by those groups
‣ adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
Conformity
desire to gain approval and avoid disapproval
-smoking because your friends are
normative social influence
willingness to accept others opinions about reality to be “correct”
- watching others at the dinner table to know which fork to use
informational social influence
shows lines, you watch others responses to be “correct”,conforming and giving the incorrect answer when there was a very obvious right answer
Conformity Line Example
- Brought in people to be assigned a learner or a teacher
◦ Everyone was actually going to be a teacher, the learner was an actor
◦ Would teach them words, and if they were incorrect they would be given a electrical shock
◦ With each error comes higher voltage
◦ Learner refuses to go on and you start to draw back as teacher
◦ Experimenter wanted you to continue, the teacher may try to resist - Point was to test obedience and would a teacher put someone in harms way
- Most male teachers obeyed the experimenter to keep going and some were obedient up to the highest point and would not go on
Stanley Milgram Experiment
following orders, a form of social influence elicited in response to direct orders from an authority figure
obedience
doing better on tasks when other people are around
social facilitation
diminished effort when a common goal is trying to be attained by a group
social loafing
lack of “self-awareness” in group situations highlighting anonymity and arousal
Deindividuation
thoughts shared within a group become stronger and more accepting when the group thinks alike
group polarization
peace and harmony is prioritized over realistic solutions
group think
‣ Just world phenomenon: KARMA
‣ “Them (Outgroup)” versus “Us (Ingroup)”
‣ Negative Emotions
‣ Discriminate (treating people inappropriately or differently)
‣ Stereotypes (unconscious awareness) (help us streamline first impressions) (cognitive schemas)
Prejudice
‣ Physical or verbal behavior to harm someone
‣ Biological: genetics, neural and biochemical
- Psychological: reinforcement and modeling behaviors
‣ Social-Cultural: aversive life events, media outlets
Aggression
‣ We have an innate need for love
‣ But what makes us attracted to someone and not another?
* Proximity: people very far away from you or are they close
* Exposure: how often are we exposed to people
* Similarity: opposites attract? Are we similar?
Love and Attraction
unselfishly caring for the well being of others
altruism
explains that social behavior is transactional (max benefit,minimum effort)
- Reciprocity norm
social exchange theory
“people i have helped will help me when I need it”
reciprocity norm
we are less likely to help someone if other people are around (“someone else will help them”)
bystander effect
