Memory

Question 1

◦ information is organized and transformed so it can be entered into memory
◦ initial learning of information that starts with attention
‣ PERCEPTION + ATTENTION =

Answer 1

encoding

Question 2

• the more deeply information is encoded and more meaning it has, the better it is remembered

Answer 2

Fergus Caik and Robert Lockhart

Question 3

repeating something over and over (flashcards ex)

Answer 3

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 4

conceptually thinking about something to make it more meaningful (making a study guide)

Answer 4

Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 5

grouping information into meaningful groups

Answer 5

chunking

Question 6

the observation that repetitions spaced in time tend to produce stronger memories than repetitions massed closer together in time

Answer 6

spacing effect

Question 7

‣ chunking (recoding)
‣ elaborate rehearsal (recoding)
‣ distributed practice (spacing effect)

Answer 7

tips to help encode info

Question 8

• recall bias, if you are sad, you tend to recall memories that are sad

Answer 8

mood congruency

Question 9

• the tendency to remember information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same physical setting in which you originally learned (encoded) the information

Answer 9

context effects/dependent

Question 10

‣ strengthening of a neural connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neuron
‣ increase in the number of glutamate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron and an increase in glutamate released from the presynaptic neuron

Answer 10

long term potention

Question 11

• if someone asked you what you had for lunch on a certain date, you likely will not remember, because all of the lunches you have had since then interfere with older information
  
  • Misinformation effect: eyewitness memory

Answer 11

retroactive interference

Question 12

• old memories interfere with encoding of new ones
  
  • learning a new language

Answer 12

Proactive interference

Question 13

the neural changes that occur after learning that will create the memory trace of an experience

Answer 13

consolidation

Question 14

memory lives throughout the brain rather than in one confined location

Answer 14

Equipotentiality

Question 15

save button in the brain, short term memory to long term memory

Answer 15

hippocampus

Question 16

working memory

Answer 16

pre frontal cortex

Question 17

declaritive memory, language and verbal info, left side

Answer 17

temporal lobe

Question 18

fear learning

Answer 18

amygdala

Question 19

motor action learning and memory

Answer 19

cerebellum

Question 20

involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being unable to retrieve it

Answer 20

tip of the tongue

Question 21

‣ memories are susceptible to change each time they are retrieved

Answer 21

reconsolidation

Question 22

‣ removed the hippocampus to try an control his seizures
‣ unable to remember new information over a long period of time
- loss of short term memory

Answer 22

the case of HM

Question 23

‣ Temporary memories closely tied to the sensory system
‣ we are not aware this is happening
* IS TAKEN IN AND TRANSDUCED

Answer 23

sensory memory

Question 24

◦ visual
◦ you look at something briefly and look away, you can still see what it looks like or recall some of its details

Answer 24

iconic sensory memory

Question 25

◦ auditory
◦ ability to repeat some words that someone was saying to you even though they claim you were not paying attention

Answer 25

echoic sensory memory

Question 26

‣ when we pay attention to something, it goes from sensory memory to this

Answer 26

‣ when we pay attention to something, it goes from sensory memory to short term

Question 27

active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current or immediate

Answer 27

working memory

Question 28

‣ a relatively permanent storage of information
‣ information will be transferred from working memory to long term if it is repeatedly retrieved or processed deeply (maintenance rehearsal)

Answer 28

long term memory

Question 29

beginning of something you remember, long term memory

Answer 29

primacy effect

Question 30

the end, working memory

Answer 30

recency effect

Question 31

explict memory is tied to what

Answer 31

episodic and semantic memory

Question 32

memory with conscious recall (declaritive memory)

Answer 32

explicit memory

Question 33

events you have experienced

Answer 33

espisodic memory

Question 34

general knowledge, facts

Answer 34

semantic memory

Question 35

memory without conscious recall (nondeclaritive memory)

Answer 35

implicit memory

Question 36

motor skills, actions

Answer 36

procedural memory

Question 37

◦ Cognitive structures in long term memory that helps is to perceive, organzie, process, and use information

Answer 37

schemas

Question 38

• retrieval of information from memory without a “cue”
  ◦ describing suspect to a sketch artist
  ◦ fill in the blank or open-ended questions

Answer 38

recall

Question 39

• recognizing an event or information as being familiar
  ◦ police lineup, multiple choice questions

Answer 39

recognition

Question 40

how is long term memory organized

Answer 40

schemas, recall, association network, recognition