Learning

Question 1

linking two stimuli, or events that occur together

Answer 1

associative learning

Question 2

responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event

Answer 2

non-associative learning

Question 3

acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior (ex social)

Answer 3

observational learning

Question 4

decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimuli
no longer bothered by a certain thing, noise, etc (like an annoying person or click)

Answer 4

habituation

Question 5

increase in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimuli
the clicking of something is annoying you, distracts you, and does not fade away into the background

Answer 5

sensitization

Question 6

we learning predictive associations through conditioning

Answer 6

associative

Question 7

S -> R (stimulus to response)
a stimulus predicts another stimulus and results in response

Answer 7

classical conditioning

Question 8

◦ a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response
◦ Pavlovs Dogs
‣ when dogs see food bowls they salivate, they associate the bowls with feed time so they immediately start to salivate

Answer 8

Pavlovian Conditioning

Question 9

a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are paired to produce a reflex

Answer 9

conditioning trials

Question 10

elicits no response prior to conditioning
bell ringing before conditioning for dogs (no response at first when bell was rung with no food)

Answer 10

neutral stimulus

Question 11

elicits a response with no conditioning (natural)
showing bowl of food to dog

Answer 11

unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

natural or innate response to US
dog natural action to salivate to food (US)

Answer 12

unconditioned response

Question 13

previously NS that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
the bell (NS) rung with food(US)

Answer 13

conditioned stimulus

Question 14

learned response to a previously NS that is now the CS
when bell was rung after conditioning, the dog salivated

Answer 14

conditioned response

Question 15

a gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
‣ CR is stronger when there is a brief delay between the presentation of the CS and US

Answer 15

acquisition

Question 16

a process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 16

extinction

Question 17

what happens to spontaneous recovery every time the behavior is recovered

Answer 17

weaker

Question 18

◦ a CS becomes associated with other stimuli associated with the US.

Answer 18

second order conditioning

Question 19

learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produced the conditioned response

Answer 19

stimulus generalization

Question 20

a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned response

Answer 20

stimulus discrimination

Question 21

◦ the association between eating and getting sick
‣ a response occurs even if the illness was caused by a virus or some other condition
‣ this is especially likely to occur if the food was not part of the persons usual diet

Answer 21

food aversion

Question 22

• R -> S
  
  • some response/behavior results in a stimulus/outcome
  • training techniques
  • a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that will be performed in the future

Answer 22

operant conditioning

Question 23

who created the law of effect

Answer 23

Edward Throndike

Question 24

any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again and any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again

Answer 24

Law of Effect

Question 25

a stimulus that follows a response increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

Answer 25

reinforcer

Question 26

◦ chose the term operant to express the idea that animals operate on their environments to produce effects
◦ under the influence of Thorndike
◦ believed that behavior occurs because it has reinforced

Answer 26

B.F skinner

Question 27

‣ satisfy biological needs
* food, water, sex

Answer 27

Primary Reinforcement

Question 28

‣ events or objects established through classical conditioning that serve as reinforcers but do not satisfy basic needs
* money, compliments

Answer 28

Secondary Reinforcement

Question 29

a stimulus that follows a response and decreases/reduces the likelihood that a response will be repeated

Answer 29

punishment

Question 30

appetitive stimuli present, stimulus presented, increases the likelihood of the behavior
something is added to encourage the behavior

Answer 30

positive reinforcement

Question 31

aversive stimuli present, stimulus is presented, decreases the likelihood of the behavior
something is added to discourage behavior

Answer 31

positive punishment

Question 32

aversive stimuli taken away
stimulus is removed, increases the likelihood of behavior
something is removed to encourage behavior

Answer 32

negative reinforcement

Question 33

appetitive stimuli is taken away
stimulus is removed, decreases the likelihood of behavior
something is removed to discourage behavior

Answer 33

negative punishment

Question 34

◦ a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

Answer 34

continuous reinforcement

Question 35

◦ a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently
◦ can be administered according to the number of behavioral responses or the amount of time that has passed

Answer 35

partial reinforcement

Question 36

a certain amount of time has passed
reinforcement is a reward schedule when a reward is delivered after a specific number of responses

Answer 36

fixed ratio

Question 37

irregular amount of time has passed
reinforcement applies an award after varying numbers of times a target behavior has occured, causes a randomness effect where people do not know when the reward will come

Answer 37

variable ratio

Question 38

a certain number of responses have been made
reward behavior after set period of time, for example john works at a wendys and gets paid every two weeks

Answer 38

fixed interval

Question 39

irregular/unpredictable amount of responses have been made

Answer 39

variable interval