Learning Flashcards
linking two stimuli, or events that occur together
associative learning
responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event
non-associative learning
acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior (ex social)
observational learning
decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimuli
no longer bothered by a certain thing, noise, etc (like an annoying person or click)
habituation
increase in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimuli
the clicking of something is annoying you, distracts you, and does not fade away into the background
sensitization
we learning predictive associations through conditioning
associative
S -> R (stimulus to response)
a stimulus predicts another stimulus and results in response
classical conditioning
◦ a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response
◦ Pavlovs Dogs
‣ when dogs see food bowls they salivate, they associate the bowls with feed time so they immediately start to salivate
Pavlovian Conditioning
a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are paired to produce a reflex
conditioning trials
elicits no response prior to conditioning
bell ringing before conditioning for dogs (no response at first when bell was rung with no food)
neutral stimulus
elicits a response with no conditioning (natural)
showing bowl of food to dog
unconditioned stimulus
natural or innate response to US
dog natural action to salivate to food (US)
unconditioned response
previously NS that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
the bell (NS) rung with food(US)
conditioned stimulus
learned response to a previously NS that is now the CS
when bell was rung after conditioning, the dog salivated
conditioned response
a gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
‣ CR is stronger when there is a brief delay between the presentation of the CS and US
acquisition
a process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus
extinction
what happens to spontaneous recovery every time the behavior is recovered
weaker
◦ a CS becomes associated with other stimuli associated with the US.
second order conditioning
learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produced the conditioned response
stimulus generalization
a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned response
stimulus discrimination
◦ the association between eating and getting sick
‣ a response occurs even if the illness was caused by a virus or some other condition
‣ this is especially likely to occur if the food was not part of the persons usual diet
food aversion
- R -> S
- some response/behavior results in a stimulus/outcome
- training techniques
- a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that will be performed in the future
operant conditioning
who created the law of effect
Edward Throndike
any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again and any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again
Law of Effect
a stimulus that follows a response increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
reinforcer
◦ chose the term operant to express the idea that animals operate on their environments to produce effects
◦ under the influence of Thorndike
◦ believed that behavior occurs because it has reinforced
B.F skinner
‣ satisfy biological needs
* food, water, sex
Primary Reinforcement
‣ events or objects established through classical conditioning that serve as reinforcers but do not satisfy basic needs
* money, compliments
Secondary Reinforcement
a stimulus that follows a response and decreases/reduces the likelihood that a response will be repeated
punishment
appetitive stimuli present, stimulus presented, increases the likelihood of the behavior
something is added to encourage the behavior
positive reinforcement
aversive stimuli present, stimulus is presented, decreases the likelihood of the behavior
something is added to discourage behavior
positive punishment
aversive stimuli taken away
stimulus is removed, increases the likelihood of behavior
something is removed to encourage behavior
negative reinforcement
appetitive stimuli is taken away
stimulus is removed, decreases the likelihood of behavior
something is removed to discourage behavior
negative punishment
◦ a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
◦ a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently
◦ can be administered according to the number of behavioral responses or the amount of time that has passed
partial reinforcement
a certain amount of time has passed
reinforcement is a reward schedule when a reward is delivered after a specific number of responses
fixed ratio
irregular amount of time has passed
reinforcement applies an award after varying numbers of times a target behavior has occured, causes a randomness effect where people do not know when the reward will come
variable ratio
a certain number of responses have been made
reward behavior after set period of time, for example john works at a wendys and gets paid every two weeks
fixed interval
irregular/unpredictable amount of responses have been made
variable interval
