Psych Disorders and Treatments Flashcards
Collection of symptoms (syndrome) that are marked as a clinically
significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion
regulation, or behavior (APA, 2013)
* Atypical, unusual, or infrequent * Socially unacceptable/deviant * Maladaptive * Personal distress * Self defeating and/or dangerous
Psychological Disorder
sickness or disorder of the mind; psychological
disorder
Psychopathology
factors or causes that contribute to the development of a disorder
Etiology
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
* Categorical information: Name of disorder
* Dimensional information: severity rating
* Additional information: general medical condition, symptoms, psychosocial factors
DSM-5
what is the main purpose of the DSM
Description: grouping disorders based on similarity in symptoms
what is another purpose of the DSM
allow providers to bill health insurance companies for treatment
takes a catagorical approach, it has a strict cut
either you have an issue or you do not
cannot register severity of disorder
you only fit into one category, fails to see that some disorders tie together
problems with the DSM
another issue with the DSM, many psych disorders occur together but the DSM treats them as separate things
Comorbidity
high p scores= suicide attempts, hospitalization, criminal behaviors and predict a worsening of impairments over time
Comorbidity p scores
a diagnostic model that proposses that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
Diatheis-stress model
focuses on how physiological factors contribute to the psych disorder
genetics: can affect the production and levels of neurotransmittors and their receptor sites, effect the size of brain structures
some disorders may arise from prenatal problems
and during childhood
Biological Factors
how may biological factors contribute to mental disorders
effects on the CNS
play an important role in the expression and
treatment of mental disorders.
situational factors
a diagnostic model that considers problems
within an individual as indicating problems within the family
family systems model
a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as
the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures
sociocultural model
a diagnostic model that views
psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive
thoughts and beliefs
* approach: behavior is learned and thus can be unlearned
- classical and operant conditioning
cognitive behavioral factors
characterized by negative emotions (e.g.,
major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder) more common in women
internalizing disorders
characterized by negative emotions (e.g.,
major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder)
internalizing disorders
characterized by disinhibition (e.g.,
alcoholism, conduct disorders, antisocial behavior
externalizing disorders
characterized by disinhibition (e.g.,
alcoholism, conduct disorders, antisocial behavior) more common in ment
externalizing disorders
- Dependence on alcohol is much more likely in males,
whereas anorexia nervosa is much more likely in females. - One explanation for gender differences in the presentation of
disorders is that psychopathology can take different forms
depending on cultural norms and expectations. * Some disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are
equally likely in the sexes, whereas other disorders vary
between the sexes.
psych disorders vary by sex and culture
Most mental disorders show both universal and culture-specific
symptoms.
* Disorders with a strong biological component will tend to be more similar across cultures.
* A disorder heavily influenced by learning, context, or both is more likely to differ across cultures.
cultural syndromes
psych disorder characterized by excessive fear in the absence of true danger
-GAD, panic, specific phobias, social, agoraphobia
anxiety
how does anxiety happen
continuous arousal of the autonomic nervous system
the sypmathetic NS is overactive
this can lead to more health issues
fear of something that is disproportionate to the threat, specifc fear of something
phobia
fear of being negatively evaulated by others in social setting
social anxiety
nearly constant anxiety not associated with a specific thing
general anxiety
sudden attacks of overwhelming terror
panic disorder
fear of being in a situation from which one cannot escape
aporaphobia
disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities
tens to persist over several months and years, extreme
major depression
a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, sometimes called dysthymia
must have a depressed mood most of the day, more days than not, for at least 2 years, lasts from 2-20 years
persistent depressive disorder
two headed beast
a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania
Mania: an elevated mood that can vary in degree and is accompanied by major shifts in energy level and physical activity
* Manic episodes: characterized by elevated mood, increased activity, diminished need for sleep, grandiose ideas, racing thoughts, extreme distractibility, and excessive involvement in pleasurable but foolish activities;
last at least one week
Biploar
a disorder characterized by
extremely elevated moods
during manic episodes and,
frequently, depressive episodes
as well
* The manic episodes in bipolar l
disorder cause significant
impairment in daily living and can
often result in hospitalization
- WORSE
BPD 1
a disorder characterized by
alternating periods of extremely
depressed and mildly elevated
moods
* Less extreme mood elevations are
called hypomania.
* Although these less extreme
positive moods may be somewhat
disruptive to a person’s life, they
do not cause significant
impairment in daily living or
require hospitalization.
BPD 2
a psychological disorder characterized by alterations in
thoughts, in perceptions, or in consciousness, resulting in
psychosis
* The term schizophrenia literally means “splitting of
the mind.” * The essence of schizophrenia is a disconnection from reality, known as psychosis.
Schizophrenia
excesses in functioning, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior
positive symptoms
deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, slowed speech and movement, flat effect, extreme isolation, clinical depression, feeling no pleasure
more resistant to medications
Negative symptoms
schizophrenia can be caused by what
decrease of cerebral fluid in brain
a disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive action, not classified under anxiety
OCD
recurrent, unwanted and repetitive thoughts or ideas or mental images that increase anxiety
Obsessive
responses to those obsessive thoughts
compulsion
a disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma, results from trauma or excessive stess
PTSD
what is under PTSD
DID (dissociative identity disorder)
the occurrence of two or more
distinct identities in the same individual, along with memory gaps in
which the person does not recall everyday events
Dissociative identity disorder
a personality disorder characterized by disturbances in identity, in affect, and in impulse control
borderline personality disorder
a personality disorder in which people engage in socially undesirable behavior, are hedonistic and impulsive, and lack empathy
Antisocial personality disorder
Maintaining a starvation diet despite
negative health outcomes
anorexia
Binge-eating followed by inappropriate
weight-loss (throwing up)
bulimia nervosa
Bouts of overeating followed by
remorse, regret, and guilt
binge eating
the generic name given to formal psychological treatment
* The particular techniques used may depend on the practitioner’s training, but all forms of psychotherapy involve interactions between practitioner and client.
psychotherapy
treatment of psychological disorders based on medical
approaches to disease (what is wrong with the body) and to illness (what a person feels as a result)
biological therapies(medical model)
- Form of therapy based on Freud—without accepting all of it…
- Aim is to help client examine needs, defenses, and motives as a way of understanding distress
- focus on social environment: childhood, therapist client relations
-unconscious mind plays a role in mental illness
-clients social environment and their unconscious
Psychodynamic Therapy
treatment based on the premise that behavior is
learned and therefore can be unlearned through the use of classical and operant conditioning
-behavior can be learned and unlearned
-more what happens during the therapy (social skills training)
Behavioral Therapy
a behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or
situation
exposure behavior therapy
pairs the trigger stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with fear
- pairing the trigger with something that makes a new response of no fear, so smiling and laughing to what made you scared of before
conterconditioning behavioral therapy
treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions;
treatment strategies attempt to modify
these thought patterns
* Interpersonal therapy * Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
Cognitive Therapy
constructing the mind to view it in a different and healthier way
mindfullness based cognitive therapy
A therapy that incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors
* Integrative therapy trains people to alter the way they thing but also the way they act.
* Seeks to make people aware of their irrational negative thinking to replace it with new ways of thinking
* Trains people to practice this new way of thinking
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- The goal of humanistic therapy is to treat
the person as a whole, not as a collection
of behaviors or a repository of repressed
thoughts.
non judge mental
unconditional positive regard
client centered therapy
drugs that affect mental processes
(anti anxiety, antidepressants, antipsychotics)
psychotropic medications
a class of psychotropic medications used for the
treatment ; commonly called tranquilizers
* One class of anti-anxiety drugs is the benzodiazepines.
* increase the activity of GABA
* induce drowsiness
* highly addictive
Resistance: mental block stopping the disorder
anti anxiety
a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment
* SSRIs can lead to sexual dysfunction.
* They are often used for other disorders, particularly anxiety disorders.
* monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
* tricyclics antidepressants
antidepressants
a class of medications used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis; also known as neuroleptics
* One side effect is tardive dyskinesia.
* the involuntary twitching of muscles, especially in the neck and face
antipsychotics
a procedure that involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient’s brain to produce a seizure; it is
effective for severe depression
eletroconclusive therapy (ECT)
a powerful electrical current produces a magnetic
field that is about 40,000 times Earth’s magnetic
field.
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
electrodes are surgically implanted deep within the brain; mild electricity is then used to stimulate the brain at an
optimal frequency and intensity
used for OCD and parkinsons
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
what is a central issue with treating psych disorders
not enough trained people available for one on one psychotherapy to all who need it
tend to manipluate the therapist around and do not actually understand there is something wrong with them
APD
