social influences

Question 1

what are social influences

Answer 1

proceses whereby attitudes and behaviours are influenced by the real or implied presence of other people

Question 2

what are norms

Answer 2

attitudinal an behavioural uniformities that define a group membership and differentiate between groups

Question 3

what is a reference group vs a member group

Answer 3

reference group
- psychologically significant for our behaviours/attitudes

membership group
- we belong to due to some objective external criterion

Question 4

what the 3 types of social inflences?

Answer 4

compliance

obedience

conformity

Question 5

define compliance

Answer 5

superficial , public, short-term change in behaviour

expressed attitude in response to request coercion or group influence

Question 6

what is compliance based on

Answer 6

power

power = capacity to influence others while resisting their attempts to influence you

Question 7

what are the strategies of compliance influence

Answer 7

ingratiation - flattery

reciprocity - mutual benefit

multiple requests

Question 8

according to ravens model,

what are the types of power used to persuade others

Answer 8

reward -

coercive -

informational power -

expert power -

legitimate power -

Referent power -

Question 9

raven (1965)

what is reward power

Answer 9

the ability togive or promise rewards for compliance

Question 10

raven (1965)

what is coercive power

Answer 10

the ability to give or threaten punishment for non-compliance

Question 11

raven (1965)

what is informational power

Answer 11

the target’s belief that influencer has more information than oneself

Question 12

raven (1965)

what is expert power

Answer 12

the targets belief that the influencer has generally greater expertise and knowledge the oneself

Question 13

raven (1965)

what is legitimate power

Answer 13

the targets belief that the influencer is authorised by a recognised power structure to command and make decesions

Question 14

raven (1965)

what is referent power

Answer 14

identification with, attraction to or respect for the source of influence

Question 15

what is the major study that investigated obedience?

Answer 15

millgrams’s 1963, 1974 obedience stuies

Question 16

what was the theoretical basis of milgrams obedience study

Answer 16

response to asch’s conformity study

response to world war 2 behaviour

Question 17

what was the question of interest in milgrams study

Answer 17

would participants obey instructions even if causing obvious harm to others

Question 18

what were the results of milgrams study

Answer 18

large majority obeyed

much more than predicted by experts

Question 19

what are the factors influencing obedience

Answer 19

sex differences

cultural differences

commitment to course of action

immediacy

• of victim
• of authority figure

group pressure

legitimacy of authority figure

Question 20

define conformity

Answer 20

deep seated, private and enduring change in behaviour and attitudes due to group pressure

Question 21

what is different about conformity in comparison to compliance and obedience

Answer 21

less direct than compliance and obedience

Question 22

what kind of social influence did sherif’s (1936) autokinetic experiment look at

Answer 22

conformity

Question 23

what was the theoretical basis of sherifs autokinetic experiment

Answer 23

group norms developed from peoples uncertainty about the social world

use of others as a “frame of reference”

average/middle = better than the fringe

Question 24

quesiton of interest in sherif’s autokinetic experiment was…

Answer 24

would people converge to a group norm

Question 25

what were the results of Sherif's autokinetic experiment

Answer 25

norm convergence and norm persistence was seen

Question 26

what was the theretical basis for Asch's confomity experiment

Answer 26

response to Sherif - ambiguous stimuli uncertainty not explanation for unambiguous stimuli

Question 27

what was the question of interest of Asch's conformity experiment

Answer 27

would participants conform to other's clearly wrong responses

Question 28

what were the results of Asch's conformity experiment

Answer 28

average conformity rate: 33%

Question 29

what was concluded in Asch's conformity about why people conform to an obviously wrong response

Answer 29

own perceptions are inaccurate fear of censure saw the lines as majority did

Question 30

what are factors that influence conformity

Answer 30

privacy of response personal traits (but situationally dependent) sex difference cultural differences (collectivist>individualist) group size type of judgement unanimity of responses

Question 31

describe the dual- process model of conformity

Answer 31

normative and informative influeces informative - reality check, especially for ambiguous stimuli (true change) normative - gain social approval, must have surveillance by group (surface)

Question 32

what did Deutsch and Gerard find about conformity in regards to the dual process model

Answer 32

conformity occurred when neither informative or normative influences were operating

Question 33

what is the referent informational influence | turner et al, 1987

Answer 33

criticism of the dual process model from social identity theory (emphasis on group membership) operates via process of self-categorisation differences from dual-process approach

Question 34

what is the process of the referent informational influence

Answer 34

> self categorisation > discover stereotypic in-group norms > cognitively represent in-group norms > assigning cognitive representation of in-group norms to self (self-stereotyping) > in-group normative behaviour (conformity)

Question 35

what is minority influence

Answer 35

social influence process whereby numerical or power minorities change the attitudes of the majority