people in groups Flashcards
define group
two or more people who share a common definition and evaluation of themselves and behave in accordance with such a definition
define entitativity
the property of a group that makes it seem like a coherent, distinct and unitary entity
what are the three points of group processes
- th individual in the group
- group functining
- group»_space; individual performance
what are roles
patterns of behavioru that distinguish between different activities within a group and that interrelate to one another for the greater good for the group
define status
consensual evaluation of the prestige of a role or role occupant in a group
or
the prestige of a group and its members as a whole
what are the two models of group functioning discussed inthe lecture
moreland and levines group socialisation model
tuckmans 5 stage model of development of groups
characterise group norms
descriptive and prescriptive
explicit or implicit
fairly resistant to change
provide guidelines on how to behave as a typical group member
can influence individuals in the absence of a group
moreland and levine’s group socialisation model
what is the social process and group/individual strategies of a prospective member
social process: investigation
strategies: recruitment/ reconnaissance
moreland and levine’s group socialisation model
what is the social process and group/individual strategies of a New member
social proccess: socialisation
strategies:: accomodation/ assimilation
moreland and levine’s group socialisation model
what is the social process and group/individual strategies of a Full member
social proccess: maintenance
strategies: role/negotiation
moreland and levine’s group socialisation model
what is the social process and group/individual strategies of a marginal member
social proccess: resocialisation
strategies: accomodation/ assimilation
moreland and levine’s group socialisation model
what is the social process and group/individual strategies of a ex member
social proccess: remembrance
strategies: tradition/ reminiscence
according to moreland and levine’s group socialisation model how does time and commitment interact in the passage of an individual in a group
commitment peaks in full member stage
bell curve shape of commitment to the time in grop
what are the five stages of tuckmans model of group development
forming -
bringing separate individuals together
storming -
- conflict stage, resolve disagreements/status issues
- members claim/assigned to roles
norming -
- standards for interactions emerge
- members identify with group at greater degree
performing -
members focus on group tasks, decision-making, producing output
adjourning -
- group disbands and de-identifies
- stage of evaluation (task performing
wha is social loafing
individuals work less hard because they believe others in group also working on task
according to latane et al
what causes social laofing
motivation loss = social loafing
what are the factors that influence social loafing
anonymity (all in group scored the same)
involvement in task
intergroup comparison
anticipated loafing of others (can improve performance)
in group desision making
define brainstorming (osborn, 1957)
uninhibited generation of as many ideas as possible in a group in order to enhance group creativity
what are the down sides of brainstorming
poor performacne due to:
- evaluation apprehension
- social loafing
- production blocking
illusion of success
what is collective remembering
recall of correct information is greater in groups than in individuals
consensus and recognition of true recognition
transactive memory
in collective remembering
what is transactive memory
group members have a shared memory for who within the group rememebrs what and is an expert on what
what is group think (janis, 1972)
desire for unanimity over rationality of a decision
antecedents of group think
exessive group cohesiveness
insulation of group from external factors
lack of impartial leadership and of norms encouraging proper procedures
ideology homogeneity of membership
high stress from external threat and task complexity
symptoms of group think
feelings of invulnerability and unanimity
unquestioning belief that the group must be right
tendency to ignore discredited information contrary to group position
direct pressure exerted on dissident to bring them into line with group position
stereotyping outgroup members
outcome of group think
poor decision making procedures
what is group polarisation
the perceptual polarisation of the in-group norm away from positions not held by in-group members
(general 0 to +ve distribution of individual attitudes»_space; more +ve norm)
in-group members conform to polarised in-group norm, causing distribution of ingroup attitudes to be homogenised and polarised
