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pyb202 > social cognition and attribution > Flashcards

social cognition and attribution Flashcards

1
Q

define thought

A

the internal symbol and language that we use which is conscious

controllable

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2
Q

define cognition

A

conscious thingking plus underlying non-conscious processes that are automatic

memory, executive finctions, etc

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3
Q

define social cognition

A

focus on how cognition is effected by wider and more immediate social contexts and on how cognition affects our social behaviour

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4
Q

what is impression formation

A

out perception of a person

what we notice about a person

what we take in subconsciously about a person

what aspects of these are most influential

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5
Q

what are social schemas

A

our mental representation of a person

organise and categorise information about people

direct future cognition, emotions and behaviours about and towards other people

influence future perceptions about people

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6
Q

what contributes to impression formation

A

physical features

non-verbal communications

observations of behaviour

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7
Q

impression formation -

how are physical features interpreted when impression formation occurs

A

individual and cultural associations dictate associations between the physical features of a person and stereotyped psychological , personality and social characteristis

tall = good leader
asian = smart
red head= hot head

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8
Q

in impression formation, what are the consequences of physical beauty?

A

people prefer to meat attractive strangers than intelligent strangers

people are more likely to help attractive strangers

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9
Q

what are some elements of non-verbal communication that contribute to impression formation

A

eye contact
- gaze direction/duration, fixation length/duration/frequency

facial expression
- smile, frown

body language
- angle, movements, personal space

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10
Q

what are some elements of behaviour contributing to impression formation

A

direct observations

  • sitting in corner at a party = shy
  • pushing ahead in line = rude

information of someones behaviour from other sources
- friends/family, social media

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11
Q

what are the influential aspects of impression formation

A

Salience

valence

order effects

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12
Q

what is salience in impression formation

A

information that stands out in the context

stimulus properties
- colour, movement, contrast,

stand out behaviour
- as an individual, in a social group, in general

other motivational factors

  • factor of personal interest
  • instructed to focus on them
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13
Q

what is valence in impression formation

A

the positivity or negativity of the information

positive is default but we are biased to negative information

negative information

  • can be unusual, novel, distinctive which attracts attention (salience)
  • indirectly signifies danger or threat
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14
Q

whats are order effects in impression formation

A

primacy and recency refer to the order in which information about a person is presented to you

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15
Q

what is primacy information in relation to order effect

A

initial information that disproportionately influences final overall impression

influences how we interpret later information

is resistant to change adn preserves even when known to be false

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16
Q

what are the types of schemas

A

person - specific individuals

trait - characteristics, internal dispositions, personality factors

behaviour - types of behaviours/ activities

group/role - types of groups or prescribed occupants in a group

event- situations or contexts

self

17
Q

what is the purpose of social schemas

A

allows us to quickly categorise a person on some universal dimension

lets us infer why they did something

predict their future behaviour

formulate appropriate behaviours and responses to that person

18
Q

what are the implications of social cognition

A

our impressions form a bias for how we interact with people (friendly/not friendly)

how we bevhave towards a person influences how they behave towards us

19
Q

how can we change peoples impressions of us

A

modify the schema

enhance the schema holder

20
Q

what does it mean to attack the schema

A

provide discomforting or more refined information to change the schema

21
Q

what are the three main ways to change schema

A

bookkeeping
- schema gradually changes as more evidence accumulates overcoming initial impression

conversion
- schema hole on to initial stigma until the evidence against it is overwhelming then abandon it for a new one

subtyping
- place contextual boundaries around a schema and build a different schema for other contexts

22
Q

what does it mean to enhance the schema holder

A

induce a positive mood in them, as positive emitios lead to more positive impressions

flattery, expressing liking for them

can backfire if overdone

23
Q

what is attribution

A

how we explain our own and others behaviours and outcomes

24
Q

what is the covariation model of attribution

A

basing attribution on three types of information that occur on a continuum from high to low, co-varying the most with the behaviour exibited

consistency

distinctiveness

consensus

25
Q

in the covariation model what is consistency

A

how often does a particular behaviour accompany a particular stimulus

is he ALWAYS moody at monday 8am meetings

26
Q

in the covariation model what is distinctiveness

A

hwo much does a particular behaviour belong to a particular stimulus or stiluli

is he ONLY moody at 8am monday meetings

27
Q

in the covariation model what is consensus

A

how idiosyncratic is the behaviour

is he the ONLY ONE who is moody at the 8am monday morning meetings

28
Q

what is attribution bias

A

biases in attributions of others and out own behaviours

biases are systematic patterns of error in our perceptual and cognitive system

29
Q

what is a correspondent inference bias

A

attributing behaviours of others relatively more to personal factors rather than situational

e. g. see someone trip
- more likely to think they are clumsy
- less likely to think the step was irregular

30
Q

what is actor-observer bias

A

attributing behaviours of others relatively more to personal factors,
but our own behaviours relatively more to situational factors

someone trips they are clumsy

if i trip, there was uneven ground

31
Q

what is self enhancing bias

A

attributing our own positive outcomes to personal outcomes and own negative outcomes to situational factors

pyb202 (7 decks)

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