social influence paper 1 completed Flashcards
completed
what is compliance
agreeing with group publicly but internally believing the same things
change behaviour to avoid disapproval
temporary
what is identification
adjusts beliefs and behaviour because they think membership is desirable
stronger type of conformity
private and public acceptance
not maintained when leave group
generally temporary
what is internalisation
permanent change publicly and privately
individual believes group is right
deepest type of conformity
what is Aschs procedure for conformity
lab experiment
123 male participants
believed involved a visual perception task
judge on three comparison lines which equal length to standard
naive ppt (1) other were confederates
confeds gave wrong answer 12/18 times (critical trials )
made it easy, use control group with no confederates and everyone got it right
ppts placed in groups 6-8, 1ppt thought they were all too
all gave answer out loud, ppt seated at end last
what are the three types of conformity
compliance
identification
internalisation
what is asch aim
test peoples tendency to agree with other people who give the wrong answer. (unambiguous task) which was easy and obvious answer
what are the findings of aschs study
average conformity 36.8% ppts agreed with incorrect answer
75% conformed at least once, 25% not at all
asch interviewed after experiment and found conformity was due to
- avoiding ridicule
- doubts on judgement
- believing other were right
what are the two types of social influence
normative social influence and informative social influence
who experimented explanations for conformity
deutsch and gerard
two process conformity model
what is normative social influence
desire for social approval
conform to be accepted and belong
agree with people to belong, compliance public
private disagree
emotional process rather than cognitive
what is informative social influence
private and public acceptance
desire to be right and need for certainty
individual unsure of how to behave in a social situation, look for guidance and copy actions
opinions of others correct- converted
internalisation- accept opinions of majority
cognitive process - think
more likely to occur when situations are ambiguous or others believe to be experts
what are aschs 3 variations affecting conformity
unanimity
majority/ size of group
task difficulty
what is size of group/ majority
several variations, varied number of confederates
-found 1 real participant and 1 confederate, 3% changed answer when smaller group
- confeds increased to 3% to 32% changed mind
greater majority of 15 led to lower conformity as ppts were suspicious
when group size increases the majority results in greater risk of ridicule, if individual goes against majority more people want to conform NSI
what is unanimity
majority influence in agreement with eachother rates decline when majority not in agreement
included dissenter, confed who went against majority, conformity 36.8% to 5.5%
if went against both confeds and ppts conformity still dropped to 9%
doesn’t have to be right to reduce conformity, just has to go against
dissenter acts as social support, less concequence for going against
what is task difficulty
asch making comparison lines similar
ppts more likely to conform due to ISI
demonstrate effect of task difficulty
when correct answer is less obvious
ppts look for majority for guidance
what is the aim of zimbardos research
to investigate to what extent people would conform to roles of prison guard or prisoner in research
zimbardo procedure/ methodology
stanford university
mock prison set up in basement
volunteer student sample, tested to ensure they are psychologically stable
assigned to role of prisoner
arrested at home, blindfolded, strip searched, deloused, given smock with number as their name
guards wore khaki uniform with handcuffs, wooden club, keys and mirror shades
social roles divided
prisoners given 16 rules, guards enforced
guards had power over everything, even toilet access
findings of zimbardos study
everyone conformed to roles
guards had opportunities to enforce rules and punish misdemanours
guards even done headcounts, played prisoners of eachother
2 days - prisoners rebelled against guards, ripped clothes, shout, swore
guards increased aggression and appeared to enjoy power
1 guard said they copied a sadistic actor out of cool want luke film
1 prisoner released on day 1- psychological disturbance
2 released on day 4
1 went on hunger strike, guards attempted to force feed and punish
study stopped after 6 days instead of 14, guards behaviour dangerous and become threat to physical and psychological health
social support a01 - resistance to social influence
and its role in conformity and obedience
involves true rejection of social influence and withstand pressures to conform and obey
social support situational
based on features allowing to resist, you don’t need to conform if you have a choice, boosts confidence
conformity- dissenter goes against majority and gives confidence to go against and speak own beliefs, safe knowing they aren’t the only ones so not alone to receive public disapproval
obedience- dissenter plays role of social support against authority figure, makes their demands seem unreasonable and easier to disobey
what are the studied for resistance to social influence
social support - situational
locus of control - dispositional
locus of control a01- resistance to social influence, dispositional explanation
aspects of someones personality
strong internal locus of control believe they have complete control over events which happens in life, and take responsibility, more resistant to social influence
- seek useful info and rely less on others and their opinions
- comfortable to speak about views
-more likely to become leaders
-believe they have power to choose to obey or not
external locus of control - believe events are caused by external forces like luck or fate, no control and more likely to rely on other people as they dont seek out info , do as they are told, feels powerless to change situations
minority influence a01 and what are the 3 factors influencing it
rely on 1 situation where someone or small group of people (minority) influences beliefs and behavior of a majority
- rarely influence people by NSI, minority makes majority question their views, majority then look for guidance to minority, leads to internalization and creates deeper processing at hand
3 factors helping influence majority
1. consistency
2. commitment
3. flexibility
what are the three factors helping the influence of minority influence and what are they
- consistency
ie suffragettes, stay consistent with beliefs, same beliefs overtime, increase interest from others and make the majority re think their own views - commitment
personal sacrifice, effective if seen to suffer from views, augmentation principle, to be taken seriously ie emily davidson - flexibility
seen and more persuasive for successful minority influences, requires minority to compromise, adapt point of view and meet the majority in the middle
describe social change a01
(4 stages of snowball effect)
society adopts new way of thinking which becomes the norm, due to minority influences, ie suffragette movement, extermination of jews by nazis
- minority influence - consistency, flexibility, commitment
- causes snowball effect, small minority convert views, gains more power of minorities views, more people likely to turn to the majority
- NSI occurs- more people now believe minoritys views so whoever is left conforms to new majority due to feeling pressured and wants to fit in
- role of obedience- strengthens social change, authorities like policy makers recognises change and creates laws for the views, ie stopping smoking in car with children, legitimate authority figures like the police obey the law
