social influence paper 1 completed

Question 1

what is compliance

Answer 1

agreeing with group publicly but internally believing the same things
change behaviour to avoid disapproval
temporary

Question 2

what is identification

Answer 2

adjusts beliefs and behaviour because they think membership is desirable
stronger type of conformity
private and public acceptance
not maintained when leave group
generally temporary

Question 3

what is internalisation

Answer 3

permanent change publicly and privately
individual believes group is right
deepest type of conformity

Question 4

what is Aschs procedure for conformity

Answer 4

lab experiment
123 male participants
believed involved a visual perception task
judge on three comparison lines which equal length to standard
naive ppt (1) other were confederates
confeds gave wrong answer 12/18 times (critical trials )
made it easy, use control group with no confederates and everyone got it right
ppts placed in groups 6-8, 1ppt thought they were all too
all gave answer out loud, ppt seated at end last

Question 5

what are the three types of conformity

Answer 5

compliance
identification
internalisation

Question 6

what is asch aim

Answer 6

test peoples tendency to agree with other people who give the wrong answer. (unambiguous task) which was easy and obvious answer

Question 7

what are the findings of aschs study

Answer 7

average conformity 36.8% ppts agreed with incorrect answer
75% conformed at least once, 25% not at all

asch interviewed after experiment and found conformity was due to
- avoiding ridicule
- doubts on judgement
- believing other were right

Question 8

what are the two types of social influence

Answer 8

normative social influence and informative social influence

Question 9

who experimented explanations for conformity

Answer 9

deutsch and gerard
two process conformity model

Question 10

what is normative social influence

Answer 10

desire for social approval
conform to be accepted and belong
agree with people to belong, compliance public
private disagree
emotional process rather than cognitive

Question 11

what is informative social influence

Answer 11

private and public acceptance
desire to be right and need for certainty
individual unsure of how to behave in a social situation, look for guidance and copy actions
opinions of others correct- converted
internalisation- accept opinions of majority
cognitive process - think
more likely to occur when situations are ambiguous or others believe to be experts

Question 12

what are aschs 3 variations affecting conformity

Answer 12

unanimity
majority/ size of group
task difficulty

Question 13

what is size of group/ majority

Answer 13

several variations, varied number of confederates

-found 1 real participant and 1 confederate, 3% changed answer when smaller group
- confeds increased to 3% to 32% changed mind
greater majority of 15 led to lower conformity as ppts were suspicious

when group size increases the majority results in greater risk of ridicule, if individual goes against majority more people want to conform NSI

Question 14

what is unanimity

Answer 14

majority influence in agreement with eachother rates decline when majority not in agreement

included dissenter, confed who went against majority, conformity 36.8% to 5.5%

if went against both confeds and ppts conformity still dropped to 9%
doesn’t have to be right to reduce conformity, just has to go against
dissenter acts as social support, less concequence for going against

Question 15

what is task difficulty

Answer 15

asch making comparison lines similar
ppts more likely to conform due to ISI
demonstrate effect of task difficulty
when correct answer is less obvious
ppts look for majority for guidance

Question 16

what is the aim of zimbardos research

Answer 16

to investigate to what extent people would conform to roles of prison guard or prisoner in research

Question 17

zimbardo procedure/ methodology

Answer 17

stanford university
mock prison set up in basement
volunteer student sample, tested to ensure they are psychologically stable
assigned to role of prisoner
arrested at home, blindfolded, strip searched, deloused, given smock with number as their name
guards wore khaki uniform with handcuffs, wooden club, keys and mirror shades
social roles divided
prisoners given 16 rules, guards enforced
guards had power over everything, even toilet access

Question 18

findings of zimbardos study

Answer 18

everyone conformed to roles
guards had opportunities to enforce rules and punish misdemanours
guards even done headcounts, played prisoners of eachother

2 days - prisoners rebelled against guards, ripped clothes, shout, swore
guards increased aggression and appeared to enjoy power
1 guard said they copied a sadistic actor out of cool want luke film

1 prisoner released on day 1- psychological disturbance
2 released on day 4
1 went on hunger strike, guards attempted to force feed and punish

study stopped after 6 days instead of 14, guards behaviour dangerous and become threat to physical and psychological health

Question 19

social support a01 - resistance to social influence
and its role in conformity and obedience

Answer 19

involves true rejection of social influence and withstand pressures to conform and obey

social support situational
based on features allowing to resist, you don’t need to conform if you have a choice, boosts confidence

conformity- dissenter goes against majority and gives confidence to go against and speak own beliefs, safe knowing they aren’t the only ones so not alone to receive public disapproval

obedience- dissenter plays role of social support against authority figure, makes their demands seem unreasonable and easier to disobey

Question 20

what are the studied for resistance to social influence

Answer 20

social support - situational
locus of control - dispositional

Question 21

locus of control a01- resistance to social influence, dispositional explanation

Answer 21

aspects of someones personality

strong internal locus of control believe they have complete control over events which happens in life, and take responsibility, more resistant to social influence
- seek useful info and rely less on others and their opinions
- comfortable to speak about views
-more likely to become leaders
-believe they have power to choose to obey or not

external locus of control - believe events are caused by external forces like luck or fate, no control and more likely to rely on other people as they dont seek out info , do as they are told, feels powerless to change situations

Question 22

minority influence a01 and what are the 3 factors influencing it

Answer 22

rely on 1 situation where someone or small group of people (minority) influences beliefs and behavior of a majority
- rarely influence people by NSI, minority makes majority question their views, majority then look for guidance to minority, leads to internalization and creates deeper processing at hand

3 factors helping influence majority
1. consistency
2. commitment
3. flexibility

Question 23

what are the three factors helping the influence of minority influence and what are they

Answer 23

1. consistency
   ie suffragettes, stay consistent with beliefs, same beliefs overtime, increase interest from others and make the majority re think their own views
2. commitment
   personal sacrifice, effective if seen to suffer from views, augmentation principle, to be taken seriously ie emily davidson
3. flexibility
   seen and more persuasive for successful minority influences, requires minority to compromise, adapt point of view and meet the majority in the middle

Question 24

describe social change a01
(4 stages of snowball effect)

Answer 24

society adopts new way of thinking which becomes the norm, due to minority influences, ie suffragette movement, extermination of jews by nazis

1. minority influence - consistency, flexibility, commitment
2. causes snowball effect, small minority convert views, gains more power of minorities views, more people likely to turn to the majority
3. NSI occurs- more people now believe minoritys views so whoever is left conforms to new majority due to feeling pressured and wants to fit in
4. role of obedience- strengthens social change, authorities like policy makers recognises change and creates laws for the views, ie stopping smoking in car with children, legitimate authority figures like the police obey the law

Question 25

what is an effect of minority influence

Answer 25

social change

Question 26

what are milgram’s situational variables which affect obedience and what are they (findings)

Answer 26

1. location
   yale unversity to run down office building, conformity dropped from 65% to 47.5%, location is vulnerable. question legitimacy of authority
2. proximity
   teacher couldn’t see learner, rates 65%
   same room 40%
   forcing learner to put hands on shock plate - 30%
   the further away the more they obey, defer responsibility, more hard when hands on plate, experimenter left room and communicated over phone, gave weaker shocks than supposed to
3. uniform
   substituted lab coat for member of public in normal clothes and obedience dropped from 65% to 20%
   important visual cue for authority

Question 27

what is milgrams aim a01

Answer 27

had reports of extreme obedience during WW2 wanted to investigate to what extent ordinary people would obey extreme orders if germans are different

Question 28

what is milgrams method

Answer 28

40 american male volunteers 20-50
recruited newspaper advertisement at yale university (lab)
worked in pairs, role of teacher (participant) learner (confederate)

drew to decide who took what was rigged
teachers witnessed mr wallace being strapped to chair and electrodes to head shock generator 30 point increasing - 15-450 volts

teacher read list of words which learners should complete if they made a mistake - got shocked

had standardised verbal prods, ‘this experiment requires you to continue’ if refused more than 4 times, experiment stopped

Question 29

findings of milgrams research

Answer 29

all ptts gave shocks 300v
65% continued to 450 volts
stress and anxiety displayed
before experiment people estimated 100v

Question 30

conclusion of milgrams research

Answer 30

germans are not different and we are all capable of blind obedience

Question 31

legitimacy of authority a01 as explanation for obedience

Answer 31

most societies have hierarchial structure
socialised to recognise legitimacy (police, teachers)

legitimacy agreed on by society, look for symbols of legitimacy, ID, Badge

deem them as trustworthy and believe they have the power to punish us
blind obedience, could be cruel such as hitler, stalin, can be used for destructive purposes

Question 32

explain the authoritarian personality as a explanation for obedience a01

Answer 32

dispositional explanation (internal)
personality characteristics associated with levels of obedience

adorno et al developed
- collection of traits, belief in absolute obedience, submission to authority and domination of authorities
highly obedient

Question 33

how is authoritarian personality developed according to adorno et al

Answer 33

shaped from strict childhood, harsh with family having high respect for hierarchy, discipline, loyalty, conditional love

build resentment to parents but have fear of getting punished so anger from parents is displaced on others ‘scapegoaing’ to inferiors

Question 34

how is authoritarian personality measured

Answer 34

measured on f scale questionnaire, 30 questions assessing personality

Question 35

what are adornos characteristics for authoritarian personality

Answer 35

particular characteristics, especially obedient, hatred towards people who perceive to have an inferior social status

conventional- attitudes towards sex , race and gender, view society as going to be the dogs,

believed we need strong leadership to enforce values of county, religion and family
no grey areas- everything is either right or wrong
fixed stereotypes, uncomfortable with uncertainty

Question 36

agency theory a01 explanation of obedience

Answer 36

people believe they are acting on behalf of authority figure and less likely to obey unjust orders= agentic state

2 psychological states
- autonomous state
- agentic state

binding factors- aspects that allow someone to ignore or minimise damaging effect, reduce moral strain

Question 37

what is moral strain (agency theory)

Answer 37

when order goes against moral conscience (could harm someone) and anxiety created from doing what is right but knowing it is morally wrong

Question 38

describe the two psychological states of the shift for agency theory and describe what they are

Answer 38

1. autonomous state
   actions are voluntary, self directed, conscience operational, feel guilt, feel responsible for concequences of actions (most time when given an order)
2. agentic state
   sees themself as acting on behalf of agent, doesnt feel guilt or responsibilit to hold back control over own actions ‘ nothing to do with me i done as i was told’

milgram argues shift explains obedience = agentic shift

Question 39

what are binding factors in agency theory

Answer 39

aspects that allow person to ignore or minimise damaging effect, helps reduce moral strain

viewing authority figure as responsible suggesting victim was to blame