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PSYCHOLOGY > psychopathology paper 1 completed > Flashcards

psychopathology paper 1 completed Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four definitions of abnormality

A
  1. statistical infrequency
  2. deviation from social norms
  3. failure to function adequately
  4. deviation from ideal mental health
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2
Q

what is statistical infrequency a01

A

somebody is considered abnormal if condition is rare judged of statistics, how many sd’s away from the mean, further away from the mean the more abnormal

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3
Q

what is deviation from social norms a01

A

abormality linked to socially unapproved behaviours deviating from social norms such as ‘joining back of queue’
unwritten implicit rules expected by society
breaking the rules considered abnormal

DSM-5 includes ‘absense of prosocial internal standards’ ‘ absense of lawful and culturally normative behaviour’

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4
Q

what is the failure to function adequately a01 (including criteria)

A

inability to live normal life if not coping with expected demands (ie get a job, wake up, hygiene)
Rosenhan and Seligman 7 features, the more features present greater the abnormality

  1. irrationality
  2. observer discomfort
  3. unpredictability
  4. maladaptive behaviour
  5. personal distress
  6. violation of moral standards
  7. unconventionality
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5
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health a01 (including criteria)

A

Jahoda, good features of mental health, if you lack them then you are abnormal

  1. ability to cope with stress
  2. ability to grow and achieve maslow self actualisation
  3. posiitve self concept and self esteem
  4. personal autonomy
  5. environmental mastery
  6. accurate perception of reality
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6
Q

3 behavioural responses to phobias

A
  1. panic
  2. avoidance
  3. endurance
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6
Q

how do we emotionally respond to phobias

A

persistant fear and anxiety, unreasonable

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6
Q

what are phobias

A

type of anxiety disorder characterised by fears and anxiety levels

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7
Q

cognitive symptoms of phobias
beliefs (3)

A
  1. irrationality - beliefs about stimuli
  2. recognition of exaggerated anxiety
  3. hypervigilance
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8
Q

describe the behavioural approach a01 into explaining phobias
(classical conditioning)
1st process
including the diagram of the acquisition

A

mowrers two process model, phobias develop after two processes
classical conditioning (acquisition) onset gaining the phobia

watson and raynar white rat fear little albert developing phobia to white rat
NS (rat) ——- no fear ( albert)
UCS (hammer steal bar) —– UCR (crying albert)
NS (rat) + UCS (hammer) — UCR (fear)
NS (white rat) —- UCR (fear)

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9
Q

describe the behavioural approach a01 into explaining phobias
(operant conditioning)
second process

including the diagram of the acquisition

A

mowrers two process model, phobias develop after two processes
how phobias are maintained
avoidance responses = fear response reduced
reduction in anxiety = rewarding — repeated

fear of dark (sleep with lights on)
negative reinforcing as reduces fear response so will leave lights on all the time, increase chance of sleeping with lights on due to no consequence

phobias resistance to extinction phobia dying out du to sufferer making reinforcing avoidance responses

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10
Q

what are the two treatments for phobias

A
  1. systematic desensitisation
  2. flooding
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11
Q

what does the treatments for phobias aim to do

A

replace maladaptive behaviours through counter conditioning techniques of behaviourist principles

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12
Q

what are the three steps for systematic desensitisation

A
  1. anxiety hierarchy
  2. relxation strategies
  3. gradual exposure
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13
Q

a01 systematic desensitisation

A

main treatment
exposure therapy classical conditioning
replace fear with relaxation techniques

works through reciprocal inhibition as two opposing emotions can’t occur at the same time
client learns new response through counter conditioning

  1. anxiety hierarchy ( ie look at pic of snake then hold)
  2. relaxation strategies- when meet stimulus
  3. gradual exposure- 1st fearful stage first then work up
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14
Q

a01 flooding

A

exposes client to most fearful stimuli (phobia) with immediate effect, fear of heights means you stand at the top of a building, no relaxation technique
cant leave until learnt that the stimuli is harmless

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15
Q

behavioural symptoms of depression

A

loss of energy
social impairment
disrupted eating
poor hygiene
disrupted sleep pattern

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16
Q

emotional symptoms of depression

A

loss of enthusiasm
constant low mood
low self esteem

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17
Q

cognitive symptoms of depression

A

reduced concentration
reduced memory retrieval
dwelling on the negative

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18
Q

what are the three main points in becks cognitive theory (just names)

A

negative schema
faulty information processing cognitive biases
negative cognitive triad

19
Q

becks cognitive theory - negative schema

A

persons cognitions make them vulnerable, way they think negative schema
- world is seen negatively
- schema package of info to interpret world and is developed by past experiences
- depression = negative self schema and view everything negative
- negative schema is developed in childhood by unreal demands

20
Q

what is a schema

A

a package of information to allow us to interpret the world

developed in childhood, negative one is by unreal demands set by parents

21
Q

cognitive biases a01 in becks cognitive theory

A

systematic errors in thinking made when processing the world causing us to misperceive reality

negative self schemas fuels cognitive biases
- cause individual to make errors
misconception strengthen negative schemas

ie overgeneralisation, magnification and minimilisation

22
Q

negative cognitive triad becks cognitive theory a01

A

person develops dysfunctional view due to three types of negative automatic thinking

  1. the self
  2. the world
  3. the future
23
Q

a01 ellis’s abc model for explaining depression

A

irrational thinking
- good mental health dependant on rational thought
disorders caused by irrational thinking

A- activating event ‘fail exam’
B- belief ‘ i am stupid’
C- concequence ‘quitting college’

24
Q

what are the two explanations for depression

A

becks cognitive theory
ellis’s abc model

25
Q

what is the cognitive approach for treating depression

A

cognitive behavioural therapy CBT

26
Q

What is cbt

A

main treatment for depression
based on cognitive model different forms
ellis’s rational emotional behaviour therapy REBT

identify challenge cognitive reconstruct

27
Q

how is cbt done ( 3 steps)

A
  1. identify negative thoughts
  2. challenge negative thoughts
  3. behavioural act
28
Q

identifying negative thoughts cbt

A

assessment with therapist to clarify problems
identify faulty thought processing ‘automatic’ as beck said faulty thoughts are so they should be written in diary, thought catching’

keep diary and have homework from sessions
write what they do and feel throughout the day

becks therapy - look in dairy for world, self, future negative thoughts

ellis therapy look for activating events, beliefs and consequences

29
Q

challenging negative thoughts cbt

A

after thought’s have been identified, they are challenged to reconstruct

reality testing, patient has to act like a dcientist and write down thoughts and explore the validity of theiR their beliefs

encouraged them to challenge thoughts
‘ie if someone thinks everyone will reject them, they should ask someone on a date’
evidence is gathered to be evaluated to demonstrate it doesn’t match their belief

30
Q

behavioural act , cbt treating depression

A

people with depression tend to avoid situations and become isolated,
therapist works so they stop avoiding and isolating situations and increase engagement in activities that are shown to boost mood

might be made to go on walks or walk on the countryside
- if it works it is implemented into their routine
PLEASANT EVENT SCHEDUALING

31
Q

what is OCD

A

an anxiety order where sufferers experience intrusive thoughts, obsessions (internal) and compulsions (external)

32
Q

behavioural symptoms of ocd

A

compulsions
social impairment
avoidance

33
Q

what are emotional symptoms of ocd

A

extreme anxiety
distress

34
Q

what are cognitive symptoms of ocd

A

recurrent persistant thoughts
hyper-vigilance
realisation of inappropriateness

35
Q

what two genes are associated with ocd and why

A

SERT gene - faulty seratonin processing when seratonin passes along synapse, lower levels of seratonin and lack of it causes ocd symptoms

COMT gene- production of comt enzyme which breaks down dopamine, mutation in OCD, dopamine not being broken down

36
Q

what are the two explanations for OCD (biological )

A
  1. hereditary influence through genetic transmission (genetics)
  2. occurance of ocd through damage to neural brain mechanisms (neural)
37
Q

how does biologists compare differences in non sufferers and non sufferers in ocd

A

using gene mapping studies

38
Q

what is the correct term for the definition
‘ a combination of genes determining vulnerability’ (OCD)

A

polygenic

39
Q

what is the correct term for the definition (OCD)
‘origins of the disease are different but the same disorder’

A

etiologically heteregeneous

40
Q

what to PET scans show OCD - neural explanation

A

show serotonin level activity in OCD patients brains cans
1.not enough serotonin being released
2. removed too quickly before signal transmitted

41
Q

neural explanations A01
including orbital frontal cortex and caudate nucleus

A

over active orbital frontal cortex
- converts sensory info to thoughts to initiate action
(sends signals to initiate action then once action has been done, signal should stop)

caudate nucleus (part of basal ganglia) act as filter to signals sent by OFC
should stop receiving signals
if caudate nucleus not doing job to switch of worries when no longer necessary
will create worry circuit

42
Q

what are the three forms of treatment for OCD

A
  1. antidepressant treatment drugs
  2. anxiolytic drugs
  3. CBT and drugs combination
43
Q

describe anti depressants drug as a treatment for OCD

A
  • work by blocking re-uptake proteins on pre synaptic Neuron
    -prevents reabsorption (re-uptake) of serotonin at synapse allowing build up
  • allow serotonin to build up where it can continue to stimulate post synaptic Neuron
  • elevates levels of serotonin back to normal allowing the OFC to function normally
44
Q

what does serotonin stand for

A

selective serotonin uptake inhibitors

45
Q

describe anxiolytic drugs as a treatment for OCD

A

they work to lower anxiety
benzodiazepines used to treat anxiety
- works on reducing activity of nervous system by increasing activity of GABA
- GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter works by blocking stimulation of neurons
- calming effect on brain and reduces anxiety

46
Q

name a non drugs treatment for ocd

A

cbt (can also be used alongside drugs though)

PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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