relationships paper 3 completed

Question 1

what are the two strategies for maximising reproductive success

Answer 1

anisogamy
parental investment

Question 1

what is anisogomy

Answer 1

differences in male and female sex cells
men, sperm cells produce large quantities, quickly replenished, created continuously

woman’s egg cells are limited in time intervals, production only lasts number of years

consequence is that female are rare resources

Question 2

what is parental investment

Answer 2

biological differences in genders in parental investment
women carry children, breastfeed
men carry responsibility
consequence is for women if they make a bad decision out of the men, would be left with lack of resources and protection

Question 3

what are the effects anisogamy and parental investment

Answer 3

they create gender differences in sexual selection
Intra sexual selection and inter sexual selection

Question 4

what is intra sexual selection

Answer 4

males compete to be chosen by the woman

Question 5

what is inter sexual selection

Answer 5

females use to select males, choose the best in the pack

Question 6

what are male preferences (4)

Answer 6

1. signs of fertility, big eyes, lips show youth)
2. waist to hip ratio of 0.7
3. facial symmetry, strong genes
4. nurturing signs

Question 7

what are female preferences (3)

Answer 7

1. strength, height ability to protect offspring
2. facial symmetry, good genes
3. sexy sons hypothesis, choose good looking male to pass genes off to son, so they can be protected and then carry on the genes

Question 8

what is sexy sons hypothesis

Answer 8

where females choose a good looking male so the trait can be passed onto their son, he can then be selected by a female and genes would continue

Question 9

what is sexual dimorphism

Answer 9

differences int he characteristics between men and women.

ie strength is desirable for man to compete and protect offspring, more muscular as genes are passed on

women less muscular as they don’t have to compete and not desirable for men

Question 10

what is self disclosure

Answer 10

theory that relationships are built on trust and you gradually disclose more information to reveal true self
should be reciprocated and it is to gain a between understanding of partner

involves social penetration theory

Question 11

what is social penetration theory

Answer 11

breadth and depth
onion metaphor
breadth, sharing hobbies, music interest etc
depth, what is off limit, difficult experiences, religion
giving too much info can ruin relationship before it begins

too much- no reciprocation
too little- let them feel you are just friends

Question 12

what is physical attractiveness

Answer 12

us finding certain features more attractive using evolutionary ideas
ie male- signs of fertility, 0.7 hip, symmetry
female- strength, good genes, symmetry

Question 13

what is the halo effect

Answer 13

when people are judged in a more positive light than others if they have more positive traits
attractiveness leads to having disproportionate influence on judgements of other atributes

attractive people rated more strong, intelligent, kind and successful and leads to self fulfilling prophecy

Question 14

what is the matching hypothesis

Answer 14

choosing someone on the same level of attractiveness to avoid rejection, partner compromise

Question 15

what are the three steps in filter theory

Answer 15

1. social demography
2. similarity of attitudes
3. complementarity

Question 16

what is social demography

Answer 16

first step of filter theory

social circumstances (ie distance) rules out, socially or culturally similar is desired
education, social class, religious beliefs, gives future reassurance

Question 17

what is similarity of attitutes

Answer 17

second step of filter theory

sharing same beliefs and values, importance of family and career views

(Bryne) found most important less than 18 months in relationship
discovered in self disclosure for greater intimacy

Question 18

what is complementarity

Answer 18

the third step of filter theory

partner having traits which the other partner lacks to fulfil each others needs, having traits

Question 19

what is the idea of social exchange theory

Answer 19

thibault and kelly
rewards- costs = profits
claim partners strive for maxing rewards (ie support, sex)
minimise costs (stress, time, commitment)

aim to be in profit

Question 20

what is comparison level

Answer 20

how much reward we feel that we deserve
understanding developed on cultural norms and previous relationship expectations (ie books films)

level of comparison level is same level as self esteem (ie high comparison level = high self esteem)

people consider if relationship is worth pursuing after this

Question 21

what is comparison level for alternatives

Answer 21

people stick to current relationship if more profitable from available alternatives (single, new relationship)

if people consider themselves to be happy they don’t consider alternatives

Question 22

why was equity theory developed

Answer 22

as a response to criticisms of SET for failing to take into account people having the need for equity

Question 23

what does fairness involve in equity theory

Answer 23

all partners most profit the same amount but can be different things

Question 24

what is guilt resentment in equity theory

Answer 24

if unfair relationship = dissatisfaction

if person is under benefiting = feel angry or resentment

if person over benefiting= feel guilty

Question 25

how do you deal with inequity

Answer 25

1. work harder in relationship
2. change cognitive perceptions of costs and rewards (ie untidiness could be accepted as a norm and take away from the cost)

Question 26

what was rusbults investment model of commitment, satisfaction, comparison of alternatives made for

Answer 26

to be used as a rationale of why couples stay together when the costs weigh more than the rewards as their must be factors which keep them together

Question 27

what is investment theory

Answer 27

developing set, when deciding to continue relationship more has to be considered than satisfaction= investments

Question 28

what is investment and investment size

Answer 28

the things which we would stand to lose if the relationship come to an end, can’t easily be recovered or divided (ie pets, house, children)

Question 29

what are rusbults two types of investment

Answer 29

intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 30

what is intrinsic investment

Answer 30

the things we put into the relationship, effort, money, time, self disclosure

Question 31

what is extrinsic investment

Answer 31

things brought by the relationship, friends, memories, children

Question 32

what did rusbult believe about the investment size on commitment

Answer 32

the investment size influences the commitment not level of satisfaction alone

Question 33

what is commitment

Answer 33

increased by amount of investment as person feels locked in connection, ending relationship is losing resources

Question 34

what are rusbults maintenance mechanisms purpose

Answer 34

mechanisms needed to keep the relationship going

Question 35

what are rusbults maintenance mechanisms

Answer 35

1. accommodation - promoting relationship, to tally of costs and rewards
2. willingness to sacrifice- partner first
3. forgiveness- forgive ,mistakes
4. positive illusions, unrealistic about each others qualities
5. derogation of alternatives - minimising advantages of alternatives and viewing in negative light
6. cognitive independence

Question 36

what is ducks phase model

Answer 36

4 stages created to describe relationship breakdown

Question 37

name the four stages of ducks phase model

Answer 37

1. intra psychic
2. dyadic
3. social
4. grave dressing

Question 38

what is intra psychic stage

Answer 38

1st stage of ducks phase model
person admits dissatisfaction, internal thoughts, think about why and the way forward, before confrontation

’ i can’t stand this anymore’

Question 39

what is the dyadic stage

Answer 39

2nd stage of ducks phase model
confronts with partner, voices dissatisfaction, initiation of breakup, rethink alternatives

’ i would be justified in withdrawing’

Question 40

what is the social stage

Answer 40

3rd stage of ducks phase model
telling friends, family, social media
hard to come back from as they would take sides

’ i mean it’

Question 41

what is grave dressing

Answer 41

final stage of ducks phase model
constructing own side to why broke up, minimising own faults, maximising partners faults, show themself in positive light to attract new partner

’ it’s time to start a new life’

Question 42

what are the two theories for how self disclosure appears online (virtual relationships)

Answer 42

1. reduced cues theory
2. hyperpersonal model

Question 43

what is reduced cues theory

Answer 43

on computer mediated communication CMD there is lack of facial expressions, tone of voice which are cues in f2f conversations

lack of cues leads to individuation (reduced sense of individual identity) , or could be catfishing, encouraged disinhibited communication with other

unlikely to develop relationship with someone who seems impersonal

Question 44

what is hyperpersonal model

Answer 44

joseph walther
online relationships can be more personal and have more disclosure, develop quicker and end quicker

cooper and sportolaric boom and bust (disclosing too quick without trust, too much disclosure leading to breakdown)
more control of disclosure and cues easier to promote disclosure and intimacy by self representing more positive

anonymity less accountable for actions / behaviour so can disclosure more as risks of embarrassment are lower

Question 45

what is absense of gating

Answer 45

attraction influenced by age, appearance, ethnicity in virtual relationships gates are absent
creates more opportunities for shy and less attractive people and bigger chance of them lasting when they meet as they already have feelings and developed disclosure

people can establish their own virtual identities like a shy person can seem extrovert

Question 46

what are parasocial relationships

Answer 46

• one sided relationship celebs
• fans knows everything feel close, no reciprication
• usually formed due to lack of real life relationships
• can be appealing to some people, fewer demands no rejection

Question 47

who created the levels of parasocial relationships and what did they create it based on

Answer 47

giles and maltby
based on celebrity altitude scale

Question 48

what are the 3 stages of parasocial relationships

Answer 48

1. entertainment social
2. intense personal
3. borderline pathological

Question 49

what is the entertainment social level of parasocial relationships

Answer 49

light source of entertainment
most people light hearted gossip with friends
most common least intense

Question 50

what is the intense personal level of parasocial relationships

Answer 50

second most intense
‘soulmate’ interests in details, dress sense, food what entertainment they do /watch
usually teenagers obsessing with details

Question 51

what is the borderline pathological level of parasocial relationships

Answer 51

worship, fantasise spends large amounts of money to stalk, do illegal activities like stalking to obtain memoribilia
believe if they met them the feelings would be reciprocated

Question 52

what does adsorption mean in the adsorption and addiction model

Answer 52

deficiencies in life
lange et al - due to lack of meaningful relationships, introvert
- lead to increase in adsorption by the lives of the celebrities, they adsorbed in their lives
- effortless focus on attention, think they have a special relationship with them which motivates them to learn more

Question 53

what does addiction mean in the adsorption and addiction model

Answer 53

esculation
if levels of adsorption are high they move more extreme in PSR
motivational force causes addiction
at borderline, PSR addictive due to stronger involvement to remain connected with celeb

Question 54

how does bowlbys theory relate to parasocial relationships

Answer 54

individuals who didn’t form a strong attachment in early childhood with primary caregiver will struggle forming relationships in adulthood

find comfort in PSR no demands, hard

Question 55

how does ainsworths types of attachment link to parasocial relationships

Answer 55

insecure resistant caregiver relationships more likely to form PSR due to scared of criticism and rejection IRL
clingy to mothers, distress when mothers leave links to clingy and jealousy in adulthood, hard to make IRL relationships
intense celebrity worship allows them to fantasise without heart break or rejection