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PSYCHOLOGY > relationships paper 3 completed > Flashcards

relationships paper 3 completed Flashcards

all just key terms of the paper COMPLETED

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1
Q

what are the two strategies for maximising reproductive success

A

anisogamy
parental investment

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1
Q

what is anisogomy

A

differences in male and female sex cells
men, sperm cells produce large quantities, quickly replenished, created continuously

woman’s egg cells are limited in time intervals, production only lasts number of years

consequence is that female are rare resources

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2
Q

what is parental investment

A

biological differences in genders in parental investment
women carry children, breastfeed
men carry responsibility
consequence is for women if they make a bad decision out of the men, would be left with lack of resources and protection

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3
Q

what are the effects anisogamy and parental investment

A

they create gender differences in sexual selection
Intra sexual selection and inter sexual selection

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4
Q

what is intra sexual selection

A

males compete to be chosen by the woman

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5
Q

what is inter sexual selection

A

females use to select males, choose the best in the pack

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6
Q

what are male preferences (4)

A
  1. signs of fertility, big eyes, lips show youth)
  2. waist to hip ratio of 0.7
  3. facial symmetry, strong genes
  4. nurturing signs
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7
Q

what are female preferences (3)

A
  1. strength, height ability to protect offspring
  2. facial symmetry, good genes
  3. sexy sons hypothesis, choose good looking male to pass genes off to son, so they can be protected and then carry on the genes
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8
Q

what is sexy sons hypothesis

A

where females choose a good looking male so the trait can be passed onto their son, he can then be selected by a female and genes would continue

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9
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

differences int he characteristics between men and women.

ie strength is desirable for man to compete and protect offspring, more muscular as genes are passed on

women less muscular as they don’t have to compete and not desirable for men

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10
Q

what is self disclosure

A

theory that relationships are built on trust and you gradually disclose more information to reveal true self
should be reciprocated and it is to gain a between understanding of partner

involves social penetration theory

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11
Q

what is social penetration theory

A

breadth and depth
onion metaphor
breadth, sharing hobbies, music interest etc
depth, what is off limit, difficult experiences, religion
giving too much info can ruin relationship before it begins

too much- no reciprocation
too little- let them feel you are just friends

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12
Q

what is physical attractiveness

A

us finding certain features more attractive using evolutionary ideas
ie male- signs of fertility, 0.7 hip, symmetry
female- strength, good genes, symmetry

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13
Q

what is the halo effect

A

when people are judged in a more positive light than others if they have more positive traits
attractiveness leads to having disproportionate influence on judgements of other atributes

attractive people rated more strong, intelligent, kind and successful and leads to self fulfilling prophecy

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14
Q

what is the matching hypothesis

A

choosing someone on the same level of attractiveness to avoid rejection, partner compromise

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15
Q

what are the three steps in filter theory

A
  1. social demography
  2. similarity of attitudes
  3. complementarity
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16
Q

what is social demography

A

first step of filter theory

social circumstances (ie distance) rules out, socially or culturally similar is desired
education, social class, religious beliefs, gives future reassurance

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17
Q

what is similarity of attitutes

A

second step of filter theory

sharing same beliefs and values, importance of family and career views

(Bryne) found most important less than 18 months in relationship
discovered in self disclosure for greater intimacy

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18
Q

what is complementarity

A

the third step of filter theory

partner having traits which the other partner lacks to fulfil each others needs, having traits

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19
Q

what is the idea of social exchange theory

A

thibault and kelly
rewards- costs = profits
claim partners strive for maxing rewards (ie support, sex)
minimise costs (stress, time, commitment)

aim to be in profit

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20
Q

what is comparison level

A

how much reward we feel that we deserve
understanding developed on cultural norms and previous relationship expectations (ie books films)

level of comparison level is same level as self esteem (ie high comparison level = high self esteem)

people consider if relationship is worth pursuing after this

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21
Q

what is comparison level for alternatives

A

people stick to current relationship if more profitable from available alternatives (single, new relationship)

if people consider themselves to be happy they don’t consider alternatives

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22
Q

why was equity theory developed

A

as a response to criticisms of SET for failing to take into account people having the need for equity

23
Q

what does fairness involve in equity theory

A

all partners most profit the same amount but can be different things

24
Q

what is guilt resentment in equity theory

A

if unfair relationship = dissatisfaction

if person is under benefiting = feel angry or resentment

if person over benefiting= feel guilty

25
Q

how do you deal with inequity

A
  1. work harder in relationship
  2. change cognitive perceptions of costs and rewards (ie untidiness could be accepted as a norm and take away from the cost)
26
Q

what was rusbults investment model of commitment, satisfaction, comparison of alternatives made for

A

to be used as a rationale of why couples stay together when the costs weigh more than the rewards as their must be factors which keep them together

27
Q

what is investment theory

A

developing set, when deciding to continue relationship more has to be considered than satisfaction= investments

28
Q

what is investment and investment size

A

the things which we would stand to lose if the relationship come to an end, can’t easily be recovered or divided (ie pets, house, children)

29
Q

what are rusbults two types of investment

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

30
Q

what is intrinsic investment

A

the things we put into the relationship, effort, money, time, self disclosure

31
Q

what is extrinsic investment

A

things brought by the relationship, friends, memories, children

32
Q

what did rusbult believe about the investment size on commitment

A

the investment size influences the commitment not level of satisfaction alone

33
Q

what is commitment

A

increased by amount of investment as person feels locked in connection, ending relationship is losing resources

34
Q

what are rusbults maintenance mechanisms purpose

A

mechanisms needed to keep the relationship going

35
Q

what are rusbults maintenance mechanisms

A
  1. accommodation - promoting relationship, to tally of costs and rewards
  2. willingness to sacrifice- partner first
  3. forgiveness- forgive ,mistakes
  4. positive illusions, unrealistic about each others qualities
  5. derogation of alternatives - minimising advantages of alternatives and viewing in negative light
  6. cognitive independence
36
Q

what is ducks phase model

A

4 stages created to describe relationship breakdown

37
Q

name the four stages of ducks phase model

A
  1. intra psychic
  2. dyadic
  3. social
  4. grave dressing
38
Q

what is intra psychic stage

A

1st stage of ducks phase model
person admits dissatisfaction, internal thoughts, think about why and the way forward, before confrontation

’ i can’t stand this anymore’

39
Q

what is the dyadic stage

A

2nd stage of ducks phase model
confronts with partner, voices dissatisfaction, initiation of breakup, rethink alternatives

’ i would be justified in withdrawing’

40
Q

what is the social stage

A

3rd stage of ducks phase model
telling friends, family, social media
hard to come back from as they would take sides

’ i mean it’

41
Q

what is grave dressing

A

final stage of ducks phase model
constructing own side to why broke up, minimising own faults, maximising partners faults, show themself in positive light to attract new partner

’ it’s time to start a new life’

42
Q

what are the two theories for how self disclosure appears online (virtual relationships)

A
  1. reduced cues theory
  2. hyperpersonal model
43
Q

what is reduced cues theory

A

on computer mediated communication CMD there is lack of facial expressions, tone of voice which are cues in f2f conversations

lack of cues leads to individuation (reduced sense of individual identity) , or could be catfishing, encouraged disinhibited communication with other

unlikely to develop relationship with someone who seems impersonal

44
Q

what is hyperpersonal model

A

joseph walther
online relationships can be more personal and have more disclosure, develop quicker and end quicker

cooper and sportolaric boom and bust (disclosing too quick without trust, too much disclosure leading to breakdown)
more control of disclosure and cues easier to promote disclosure and intimacy by self representing more positive

anonymity less accountable for actions / behaviour so can disclosure more as risks of embarrassment are lower

45
Q

what is absense of gating

A

attraction influenced by age, appearance, ethnicity in virtual relationships gates are absent
creates more opportunities for shy and less attractive people and bigger chance of them lasting when they meet as they already have feelings and developed disclosure

people can establish their own virtual identities like a shy person can seem extrovert

46
Q

what are parasocial relationships

A
  • one sided relationship celebs
  • fans knows everything feel close, no reciprication
  • usually formed due to lack of real life relationships
  • can be appealing to some people, fewer demands no rejection
47
Q

who created the levels of parasocial relationships and what did they create it based on

A

giles and maltby
based on celebrity altitude scale

48
Q

what are the 3 stages of parasocial relationships

A
  1. entertainment social
  2. intense personal
  3. borderline pathological
49
Q

what is the entertainment social level of parasocial relationships

A

light source of entertainment
most people light hearted gossip with friends
most common least intense

50
Q

what is the intense personal level of parasocial relationships

A

second most intense
‘soulmate’ interests in details, dress sense, food what entertainment they do /watch
usually teenagers obsessing with details

51
Q

what is the borderline pathological level of parasocial relationships

A

worship, fantasise spends large amounts of money to stalk, do illegal activities like stalking to obtain memoribilia
believe if they met them the feelings would be reciprocated

52
Q

what does adsorption mean in the adsorption and addiction model

A

deficiencies in life
lange et al - due to lack of meaningful relationships, introvert
- lead to increase in adsorption by the lives of the celebrities, they adsorbed in their lives
- effortless focus on attention, think they have a special relationship with them which motivates them to learn more

53
Q

what does addiction mean in the adsorption and addiction model

A

esculation
if levels of adsorption are high they move more extreme in PSR
motivational force causes addiction
at borderline, PSR addictive due to stronger involvement to remain connected with celeb

54
Q

how does bowlbys theory relate to parasocial relationships

A

individuals who didn’t form a strong attachment in early childhood with primary caregiver will struggle forming relationships in adulthood

find comfort in PSR no demands, hard

55
Q

how does ainsworths types of attachment link to parasocial relationships

A

insecure resistant caregiver relationships more likely to form PSR due to scared of criticism and rejection IRL
clingy to mothers, distress when mothers leave links to clingy and jealousy in adulthood, hard to make IRL relationships
intense celebrity worship allows them to fantasise without heart break or rejection

PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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