relationships paper 3 completed Flashcards
all just key terms of the paper COMPLETED
what are the two strategies for maximising reproductive success
anisogamy
parental investment
what is anisogomy
differences in male and female sex cells
men, sperm cells produce large quantities, quickly replenished, created continuously
woman’s egg cells are limited in time intervals, production only lasts number of years
consequence is that female are rare resources
what is parental investment
biological differences in genders in parental investment
women carry children, breastfeed
men carry responsibility
consequence is for women if they make a bad decision out of the men, would be left with lack of resources and protection
what are the effects anisogamy and parental investment
they create gender differences in sexual selection
Intra sexual selection and inter sexual selection
what is intra sexual selection
males compete to be chosen by the woman
what is inter sexual selection
females use to select males, choose the best in the pack
what are male preferences (4)
- signs of fertility, big eyes, lips show youth)
- waist to hip ratio of 0.7
- facial symmetry, strong genes
- nurturing signs
what are female preferences (3)
- strength, height ability to protect offspring
- facial symmetry, good genes
- sexy sons hypothesis, choose good looking male to pass genes off to son, so they can be protected and then carry on the genes
what is sexy sons hypothesis
where females choose a good looking male so the trait can be passed onto their son, he can then be selected by a female and genes would continue
what is sexual dimorphism
differences int he characteristics between men and women.
ie strength is desirable for man to compete and protect offspring, more muscular as genes are passed on
women less muscular as they don’t have to compete and not desirable for men
what is self disclosure
theory that relationships are built on trust and you gradually disclose more information to reveal true self
should be reciprocated and it is to gain a between understanding of partner
involves social penetration theory
what is social penetration theory
breadth and depth
onion metaphor
breadth, sharing hobbies, music interest etc
depth, what is off limit, difficult experiences, religion
giving too much info can ruin relationship before it begins
too much- no reciprocation
too little- let them feel you are just friends
what is physical attractiveness
us finding certain features more attractive using evolutionary ideas
ie male- signs of fertility, 0.7 hip, symmetry
female- strength, good genes, symmetry
what is the halo effect
when people are judged in a more positive light than others if they have more positive traits
attractiveness leads to having disproportionate influence on judgements of other atributes
attractive people rated more strong, intelligent, kind and successful and leads to self fulfilling prophecy
what is the matching hypothesis
choosing someone on the same level of attractiveness to avoid rejection, partner compromise
what are the three steps in filter theory
- social demography
- similarity of attitudes
- complementarity
what is social demography
first step of filter theory
social circumstances (ie distance) rules out, socially or culturally similar is desired
education, social class, religious beliefs, gives future reassurance
what is similarity of attitutes
second step of filter theory
sharing same beliefs and values, importance of family and career views
(Bryne) found most important less than 18 months in relationship
discovered in self disclosure for greater intimacy
what is complementarity
the third step of filter theory
partner having traits which the other partner lacks to fulfil each others needs, having traits
what is the idea of social exchange theory
thibault and kelly
rewards- costs = profits
claim partners strive for maxing rewards (ie support, sex)
minimise costs (stress, time, commitment)
aim to be in profit
what is comparison level
how much reward we feel that we deserve
understanding developed on cultural norms and previous relationship expectations (ie books films)
level of comparison level is same level as self esteem (ie high comparison level = high self esteem)
people consider if relationship is worth pursuing after this
what is comparison level for alternatives
people stick to current relationship if more profitable from available alternatives (single, new relationship)
if people consider themselves to be happy they don’t consider alternatives
why was equity theory developed
as a response to criticisms of SET for failing to take into account people having the need for equity
what does fairness involve in equity theory
all partners most profit the same amount but can be different things
what is guilt resentment in equity theory
if unfair relationship = dissatisfaction
if person is under benefiting = feel angry or resentment
if person over benefiting= feel guilty
how do you deal with inequity
- work harder in relationship
- change cognitive perceptions of costs and rewards (ie untidiness could be accepted as a norm and take away from the cost)
what was rusbults investment model of commitment, satisfaction, comparison of alternatives made for
to be used as a rationale of why couples stay together when the costs weigh more than the rewards as their must be factors which keep them together
what is investment theory
developing set, when deciding to continue relationship more has to be considered than satisfaction= investments
what is investment and investment size
the things which we would stand to lose if the relationship come to an end, can’t easily be recovered or divided (ie pets, house, children)
what are rusbults two types of investment
intrinsic and extrinsic
what is intrinsic investment
the things we put into the relationship, effort, money, time, self disclosure
what is extrinsic investment
things brought by the relationship, friends, memories, children
what did rusbult believe about the investment size on commitment
the investment size influences the commitment not level of satisfaction alone
what is commitment
increased by amount of investment as person feels locked in connection, ending relationship is losing resources
what are rusbults maintenance mechanisms purpose
mechanisms needed to keep the relationship going
what are rusbults maintenance mechanisms
- accommodation - promoting relationship, to tally of costs and rewards
- willingness to sacrifice- partner first
- forgiveness- forgive ,mistakes
- positive illusions, unrealistic about each others qualities
- derogation of alternatives - minimising advantages of alternatives and viewing in negative light
- cognitive independence
what is ducks phase model
4 stages created to describe relationship breakdown
name the four stages of ducks phase model
- intra psychic
- dyadic
- social
- grave dressing
what is intra psychic stage
1st stage of ducks phase model
person admits dissatisfaction, internal thoughts, think about why and the way forward, before confrontation
’ i can’t stand this anymore’
what is the dyadic stage
2nd stage of ducks phase model
confronts with partner, voices dissatisfaction, initiation of breakup, rethink alternatives
’ i would be justified in withdrawing’
what is the social stage
3rd stage of ducks phase model
telling friends, family, social media
hard to come back from as they would take sides
’ i mean it’
what is grave dressing
final stage of ducks phase model
constructing own side to why broke up, minimising own faults, maximising partners faults, show themself in positive light to attract new partner
’ it’s time to start a new life’
what are the two theories for how self disclosure appears online (virtual relationships)
- reduced cues theory
- hyperpersonal model
what is reduced cues theory
on computer mediated communication CMD there is lack of facial expressions, tone of voice which are cues in f2f conversations
lack of cues leads to individuation (reduced sense of individual identity) , or could be catfishing, encouraged disinhibited communication with other
unlikely to develop relationship with someone who seems impersonal
what is hyperpersonal model
joseph walther
online relationships can be more personal and have more disclosure, develop quicker and end quicker
cooper and sportolaric boom and bust (disclosing too quick without trust, too much disclosure leading to breakdown)
more control of disclosure and cues easier to promote disclosure and intimacy by self representing more positive
anonymity less accountable for actions / behaviour so can disclosure more as risks of embarrassment are lower
what is absense of gating
attraction influenced by age, appearance, ethnicity in virtual relationships gates are absent
creates more opportunities for shy and less attractive people and bigger chance of them lasting when they meet as they already have feelings and developed disclosure
people can establish their own virtual identities like a shy person can seem extrovert
what are parasocial relationships
- one sided relationship celebs
- fans knows everything feel close, no reciprication
- usually formed due to lack of real life relationships
- can be appealing to some people, fewer demands no rejection
who created the levels of parasocial relationships and what did they create it based on
giles and maltby
based on celebrity altitude scale
what are the 3 stages of parasocial relationships
- entertainment social
- intense personal
- borderline pathological
what is the entertainment social level of parasocial relationships
light source of entertainment
most people light hearted gossip with friends
most common least intense
what is the intense personal level of parasocial relationships
second most intense
‘soulmate’ interests in details, dress sense, food what entertainment they do /watch
usually teenagers obsessing with details
what is the borderline pathological level of parasocial relationships
worship, fantasise spends large amounts of money to stalk, do illegal activities like stalking to obtain memoribilia
believe if they met them the feelings would be reciprocated
what does adsorption mean in the adsorption and addiction model
deficiencies in life
lange et al - due to lack of meaningful relationships, introvert
- lead to increase in adsorption by the lives of the celebrities, they adsorbed in their lives
- effortless focus on attention, think they have a special relationship with them which motivates them to learn more
what does addiction mean in the adsorption and addiction model
esculation
if levels of adsorption are high they move more extreme in PSR
motivational force causes addiction
at borderline, PSR addictive due to stronger involvement to remain connected with celeb
how does bowlbys theory relate to parasocial relationships
individuals who didn’t form a strong attachment in early childhood with primary caregiver will struggle forming relationships in adulthood
find comfort in PSR no demands, hard
how does ainsworths types of attachment link to parasocial relationships
insecure resistant caregiver relationships more likely to form PSR due to scared of criticism and rejection IRL
clingy to mothers, distress when mothers leave links to clingy and jealousy in adulthood, hard to make IRL relationships
intense celebrity worship allows them to fantasise without heart break or rejection
