forensics paper 3 completed

Question 1

what are the two types of offender pro filling

Answer 1

top up approach
bottom up approach

Question 2

a01 of top down approach

Answer 2

FBI in USA developed

typology approach (how crime is committed and what is left at the scene) develop type of offender and characteristsics

two categories
disorganised - unplanned attack, victim not targeted, depersonalised, socially awkward, poor employment

organised - planned, victim targeted, personalises victim, weapon is absent, skilled ocupation

Question 3

describe the characteristics of an organised offender (top down approach)

Answer 3

planned
victim targeted
personalises victim
aggressive acts
weapon is absent
body hidden from view
skilled occupation
has partner
watches media of crime

Question 4

describe the characteristics of a disorganised offender (top down approach)

Answer 4

unplanned attack
victim not targeted
victim depersonalised
unplanned violence
body visible
weapon is present
low intelligence
socially awkward
poor employment
not interested in crime

Question 5

name the 4 stages to build a profile - crime scene analysis

Answer 5

stage 1- data assimilation
stage 2- crime classification
stage 3- reconstruction
stage 4- profile generation

Question 6

a01 of bottom up approach

Answer 6

british approach david canter
data driven, info put into data base and matched on similar types of crime

3 features
1. interpersonal coherence
2. time and place
3. forensic awareness

geographical profilling
canter and larkin circle theory

Question 7

what are the three features of the bottom up approach

Answer 7

1. interpersonal coherence, way to interact with victim in every day life
2. time and place, time and location relationship to home/ job
3. forensic awareness- previous encounters with criminal justice systems offenders

Question 8

describe geographical profilling - bottom up approach

Answer 8

canter and youngs
cues from place of crime which relates to offender
rossmo - hunting patterns for where the criminal is located
offenders restrict work to areas of familiar with spatial patterns
gives us key info about base and where they are likely to strike next
jeaprody surface

Question 9

what is the term for the definition in bottom up approach ‘insight into where the killer may strike next and their base’

Answer 9

jeaprody surface

Question 10

describe canter and larkins circle theory, 2 models

Answer 10

1. marauder - close proximity to home
2. commuter- travels distance from home

Question 11

what are the three biological explanations for crime

Answer 11

1. atavistic form
2. genetics
3. neural

Question 12

a01 atavistic form lombrosso

Answer 12

criminals are genetic throwbacks
supspecies biologically different
criminals similar to lower primates
theory written around darwin
criminals are less evolved

atavism= tendency to convert back to ancestral type

Question 13

atavistic form characteristics

Answer 13

markers that are linked to crime from birth
examined features of hundreds to italian convicts
living & dead- 40% accounted for features
-narrow sloping brow
-prominant jaw
-high cheekbones
-facial symmetry
-dark skin

Question 14

according to atavistic form, what characteristics should a murderer have

Answer 14

blodo shot eyes
curly hair
long ears

Question 15

according to atavistic form, what characteristics should a

Answer 15

glinting eyes
fleshy lips
projecting ears

Question 16

according to atavistic form, what characteristics should a

Answer 16

thin lipy
‘reedy’

Question 17

genetics explanation for crime a01

Answer 17

offending behaviour due to specific gene predisposed to individual

candidate gene research MAOA gene ‘warrior gene’
linked to aggression and violence
CDH13 cause abuse and ADHD

tiihonen et al - 5-10% all violent crimes in finland due to gene abnormalities MAOA AND CDH13

diathesis stress- candidate genes alone arent good enough to explain behaviour

Question 18

what are the two candidate genes in genetics explanation

Answer 18

MAOA- ‘warrior gene’
CDH13- found in aggression and ADHD

Question 19

what theory is involved in genetics explanation

Answer 19

diathesis stress

Question 20

explain diathesis stress for explaining criminal behaviour including capsi study

Answer 20

candidate genes arent good enough alone to explain

epigenetics - genes are switched on and off, affected environmental factors, person may be genetically vulnerable only expressed if right environmental factors are present

CAPSI- longitudinal study, 1000 new zealand ppts, assessed at 26 for antisocial behaviour, 12% of men had deffective MAOA gene experienced maltreatment as a baby, 44% violent crimes responsible

Question 21

a01 neural explanation for criminality

Answer 21

brain difference in non offenders and offenders structural differences in the level of neurotransmitters

observation that criminals have hea dinjury HARMON found 8.5% US population have brain injury, 60% prison population

RAINE suggested pre frontal cortex is different, = regulated emotions and moral decision making

limbic system- implicated in violenr oddences
tries to start fight or flight, flight isnt working
makes us angry PFC controls

Question 22

what is the pre frontal cortex for

Answer 22

regulating emotions and moral decision making

Question 23

what are the 3 brain structures in neural explanation to explain criminality

Answer 23

pre frontal cortex

limbic system

limbic system amaygdala

Question 24

describe the limbic system in neural explanations for criminality

Answer 24

tries to start fight or flight
flight doesn’t work so you fight
makes us angry, pfc controls and is impulsive
subcortial structure contains other structures, amagdala for motivation, response to threats

raine found asyymetries in limbic system (amygdala)

Question 25

what is psychodynamic explanation for offending a01

Answer 25

rely on childhood experience freud - superego

Question 26

superego in psychodynamic explanation for offending

Answer 26

develops from identification from same sex parent in phallic stage, can internalise moral values morality principle makes us feel good and guides us to socially approved behaviour can feel guilt, emphasise blackburn- if superego is inadequate the ID 'free rein' and act as pleasure principle, without superego criminal behaviour is inevitable 3. types

Question 27

what are the three types of inadequate superego - psychodynamic explanation

Answer 27

1. weak superego- phallic stage, superego response to oepedius complex, if same sex parent is absent child can't internalize and form superego no opportunity for identification child doesnt feel guilty conscious for wrong doing 2. deviant superego - child internalises moral values from same sex parent, child view wrongdoing as acceptable, no guilt 3. overharsh superego- punitive superego, constant guilt and anxiety, string rules and unforgiving, is criminal due to needing to satisfy superegos overwhelming need for punishment

Question 28

what is weak superego - psychodynamic explanation

Answer 28

1. weak superego- phallic stage, superego response to oepedius complex, if same sex parent is absent child can't internalize and form superego no opportunity for identification child doesnt feel guilty conscious for wrong doing

Question 29

what is deviant superego psychodynamic explanation

Answer 29

2. deviant superego - child internalises moral values from same sex parent, child view wrongdoing as acceptable, no guilt

Question 30

what is overharsh superego psychodynamic explanation

Answer 30

3. overharsh superego- punitive superego, constant guilt and anxiety, string rules and unforgiving, is criminal due to needing to satisfy superegos overwhelming need for punishment

Question 31

what is eyesnecks theory

Answer 31

personality type has biological basis - due to nervous system we inherit how ns responds to stimulus arousal leading to offending behaviour childhood experiences, thinking, personality style three different dimensions of criminal personality

Question 32

what are three dimensions of criminal personality eyesnecks theory

Answer 32

1. extrovert to introvert 2. neurotic to stable 3. psychoticism

Question 33

what is extravert to introvert - eyesnecks explanation

Answer 33

extraverts outgoing attention seeking due to chronically under arousal of nervous system, harder to condition and fail to learn from mistakes introverts - over aroused nervous system dont seel attention

Question 34

what is neurotic to stable - eyenecks explanation

Answer 34

neurotics easy to upset, over anxious, obsessive behaviours due to nervous system easily triggered by threats stable - remain calm, positive behaviour

Question 35

what is psychoticism- eyenecks explanation

Answer 35

measured on scale of low to high psychotics - cold don''t feel compassion (heartless)

Question 36

eyenecks criminal personality link to forensics

Answer 36

criminal personality is highly extrovert, neurotic and psychotic those with high E & N scores hard to condition, not learn rules of socially approved behaviours

Question 37

what is kohlbergs theory of moral reasoning

Answer 37

based on interviewing men and boys on reasoning for moral decisions, judging if right or wrong 3 stages 1. preconventional 2. conventional 3. post concentional

Question 38

application of kohlberg theory to criminal behaviour

Answer 38

10% adults reach level 5 and 6 believe breaking law is justified for rewards, outweigh concequences if punishment outweight reward to stop the 10% people in post conventional development of moral reasoning at age 10- children under 10 cant be charged with crime due to lack of moral reasoning

Question 39

what are the two psychological explanations of offending behaviour

Answer 39

1. level of moral reasoning 2. cognitive distortions

Question 40

what is cognitive distortions a01

Answer 40

type of thinking a person perceives - thinking in the wrong way- irrational thinking offender deny, rationalises and justifies behaviour 1. hostile attribution bias 2. minimilisation sutherlands differential association theory

Question 41

what is hostile attribution bias

Answer 41

what we think when we observe actions, and make assumptions of what it means something tends to interpret behaviour as a negative way - threatening which leads to aggression and confrontational behaviour

Question 42

what is minimilisation

Answer 42

tendency to downplay seriousness of actions and reduce - impacts of offending before and after the crimes are committed ie- stealing from someone rich means they can buy it back so they don't feel bad

Question 43

what is differential association theory - sutherland

Answer 43

offending is a learnt behaviour - opposite lombrossos theory criminals are made not born, crime is learnt through association in 2 ways 1. learning positive attitudes (pro crime, anti crime people 2. learning criminal acts (ie prison uni of crime)

Question 44

what are the aims of custodial sentencing a01

Answer 44

sent to prison for crime guilty of determinate sentence (fixed time) mandatory (serious) whole life(risky) aims: 1. deterrence 2. incapacitation 3. retribution 4. rehabilitation

Question 45

what is deterrence - aim of custodial sentencing

Answer 45

discouragement of future offending individual deterrence , principles of punishment (conditioning) deter future offending unpleasant- reduce future offending send message to society 'crime not tolerated' general deterrence

Question 46

what is incapacitation - aim of custodial sentencing

Answer 46

removing criminals from society, protect the public public safe why they are in custody, need depends on severity of crime and scale of crime, offender committed previous serial offences

Question 47

what is retribution - aim of custodial sentencing

Answer 47

seeking revenge for offenders wrong doing feel justice being done for society paying for wrongdoing, appropriate sentence

Question 48

what is rehabilitation - aim of custodial sentencing

Answer 48

reshaping offenders behaviour prison should provide opportunities to develop new skills, access treatment programmes and reason for offending when released will obey law aim to protect public by preventing reoffending

Question 49

what are the psychological effects (2) of custodial sentencing

Answer 49

1. institutionalisation 2. depression, self harm, suicide

Question 50

what is institutionalisation as a effect of custodial sentencing

Answer 50

inmates used to having their life determined hard to live their life after

Question 51

what is depression, self harm, suicide as a effect of custodial sentencing

Answer 51

- guilty anxious about starting new life after prison hopeless about future lead to depression abrahams on (depression caused by helpless and homelessness) howard league for penal reform2008 found 10,000 self harm suicidal rates risen in young offenders institutions

Question 52

what are universitys of crime idea

Answer 52

placing young offenders in short sentences does more harm than good more likely to reoffend, sutherlands differential association theory training ground, better alternative for offending, dealing with low risk offenders - community orders - restorative justice programmes

Question 53

what is the psychodynamic explanation for offending

Answer 53

freuds theory - rely on childhood experiences superego 3 different types weak superego deviant superego overharsh superego

Question 54

what is superego - psychodynamic explanations for offending

Answer 54

develops out of identification with the same sex parent in the phallic stage, when we internalise our moral values our conscious morality principle- makes us good and guides us towards socially approved behaviours, feel guilt, anxiety for wrong doing Blackburn- if superego is adequate would allow the ID (innate part of personality) free rein as its our pleasure principle, without moral superego - criminality is inevitable 3 types

Question 55

what are freud 3 types of superego and explain them

Answer 55

1. weak superego absense of same sex parent at 3, phallic stage, superego response to oepedius complex, if same sex parent is absent, child don't internalise a fully formed super ego, no opportunity for identification, child not experience guilty conscience from wrong doing 2. deviant superego child internalises moral values of same sex parent, child views morally wrong things as acceptable, don't feel guilt 3. overharsh superego punitive superego. individual constantly have guilt and anxiety, very strict rules is unforgiving, individual may be driven (unconsciously) towards criminal behaviour to satisfy superegos overwhelming need for punishment

Question 56

what is weak super ego

Answer 56

absense of same sex parent at 3, phallic stage, superego response to oepedius complex, if same sex parent is absent, child don't internalise a fully formed super ego, no opportunity for identification, child not experience guilty conscience from wrong doing

Question 57

token economy a01

Answer 57

behaviour modification programme uses principles of operant conditioning to shape behaviour in more desirable way secondary reinforcers derive value from association with a reward ie - extra phone calls time in gym extra food non compliance, reward is removed

Question 58

anger management a01

Answer 58

based on cognitive factors trigger emotional arousal, aggressive act responding aggressively, feeling they are being taken advantage of feeling angry is reinforced by individuals feeling of control in situation when angry taught they are losing control, develop techniques which bring out conflict resolution without violence

Question 59

what are the three stages of anger management

Answer 59

1. cognitive preparation offender reflects on past to consider patterns of trigger, consider how anger leads to triggers and allow the offender to identify styles of thinking which causes anger redefine situation as non threatening break aggression 2. skills acquisition introduced range techniques and skills help deal with anger provoking situations more rationally positive self talk, medication communication training 3. application practice offenders give opportunity to practice skills in monitored environment, re-enact scenarios that esculate feelings of anger and acts of violence, ROLEPLAY positive reinforcement

Question 60

cognitive preparation stage of anger management

Answer 60

offender reflects on past to consider patterns of trigger, consider how anger leads to triggers and allow the offender to identify styles of thinking which causes anger redefine situation as non threatening break aggression

Question 61

skills acquisition of anger management stage

Answer 61

skills acquisition introduced range techniques and skills help deal with anger provoking situations more rationally positive self talk, medication communication training

Question 62

application practice of anger management stage

Answer 62

application practice offenders give opportunity to practice skills in monitored environment, re-enact scenarios that esculate feelings of anger and acts of violence, ROLEPLAY positive reinforcement

Question 63

restorative justice a01

Answer 63

offenders restores situatio what it was before crime was committed moved away from crim to mainstream approach to reduce recidivism rates (carrabine et al)

Question 64

what is the process of restorative justice

Answer 64

john braithwaite 'crime hurts, justice should heal' managed collaboration between a victim and behaviour (offenders) promote healing and empowerment supervised meeting between offender and victim, mediated by a trained professional victim- has opportunity to confront, explain how offender has effected their life offender- has to listen and understand what they have done

Question 65

what are the aims of restorative justice

Answer 65

potential to fulfil two key aims of custodial sentencing 1. rehabilitation- allows offender to understand impact, encourage them to take their perspective, reduce possibility of reoffending - encouraged to take responsibility for behaviour - punishment passive process, can be alternative to custodial sentencing, add community order 2. reparation variations- financial compensation community orders to repair damage done to property - alternatives to custodial sentence as its add on to community orders