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PSYCHOLOGY > forensics paper 3 completed > Flashcards

forensics paper 3 completed Flashcards

up to moral reasoning cognitive explanations

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1
Q

what are the two types of offender pro filling

A

top up approach
bottom up approach

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2
Q

a01 of top down approach

A

FBI in USA developed

typology approach (how crime is committed and what is left at the scene) develop type of offender and characteristsics

two categories
disorganised - unplanned attack, victim not targeted, depersonalised, socially awkward, poor employment

organised - planned, victim targeted, personalises victim, weapon is absent, skilled ocupation

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3
Q

describe the characteristics of an organised offender (top down approach)

A

planned
victim targeted
personalises victim
aggressive acts
weapon is absent
body hidden from view
skilled occupation
has partner
watches media of crime

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4
Q

describe the characteristics of a disorganised offender (top down approach)

A

unplanned attack
victim not targeted
victim depersonalised
unplanned violence
body visible
weapon is present
low intelligence
socially awkward
poor employment
not interested in crime

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5
Q

name the 4 stages to build a profile - crime scene analysis

A

stage 1- data assimilation
stage 2- crime classification
stage 3- reconstruction
stage 4- profile generation

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6
Q

a01 of bottom up approach

A

british approach david canter
data driven, info put into data base and matched on similar types of crime

3 features
1. interpersonal coherence
2. time and place
3. forensic awareness

geographical profilling
canter and larkin circle theory

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7
Q

what are the three features of the bottom up approach

A
  1. interpersonal coherence, way to interact with victim in every day life
  2. time and place, time and location relationship to home/ job
  3. forensic awareness- previous encounters with criminal justice systems offenders
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8
Q

describe geographical profilling - bottom up approach

A

canter and youngs
cues from place of crime which relates to offender
rossmo - hunting patterns for where the criminal is located
offenders restrict work to areas of familiar with spatial patterns
gives us key info about base and where they are likely to strike next
jeaprody surface

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9
Q

what is the term for the definition in bottom up approach ‘insight into where the killer may strike next and their base’

A

jeaprody surface

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10
Q

describe canter and larkins circle theory, 2 models

A
  1. marauder - close proximity to home
  2. commuter- travels distance from home
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11
Q

what are the three biological explanations for crime

A
  1. atavistic form
  2. genetics
  3. neural
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12
Q

a01 atavistic form lombrosso

A

criminals are genetic throwbacks
supspecies biologically different
criminals similar to lower primates
theory written around darwin
criminals are less evolved

atavism= tendency to convert back to ancestral type

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13
Q

atavistic form characteristics

A

markers that are linked to crime from birth
examined features of hundreds to italian convicts
living & dead- 40% accounted for features
-narrow sloping brow
-prominant jaw
-high cheekbones
-facial symmetry
-dark skin

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14
Q

according to atavistic form, what characteristics should a murderer have

A

blodo shot eyes
curly hair
long ears

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15
Q

according to atavistic form, what characteristics should a

A

glinting eyes
fleshy lips
projecting ears

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16
Q

according to atavistic form, what characteristics should a

A

thin lipy
‘reedy’

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17
Q

genetics explanation for crime a01

A

offending behaviour due to specific gene predisposed to individual

candidate gene research MAOA gene ‘warrior gene’
linked to aggression and violence
CDH13 cause abuse and ADHD

tiihonen et al - 5-10% all violent crimes in finland due to gene abnormalities MAOA AND CDH13

diathesis stress- candidate genes alone arent good enough to explain behaviour

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18
Q

what are the two candidate genes in genetics explanation

A

MAOA- ‘warrior gene’
CDH13- found in aggression and ADHD

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19
Q

what theory is involved in genetics explanation

A

diathesis stress

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20
Q

explain diathesis stress for explaining criminal behaviour including capsi study

A

candidate genes arent good enough alone to explain

epigenetics - genes are switched on and off, affected environmental factors, person may be genetically vulnerable only expressed if right environmental factors are present

CAPSI- longitudinal study, 1000 new zealand ppts, assessed at 26 for antisocial behaviour, 12% of men had deffective MAOA gene experienced maltreatment as a baby, 44% violent crimes responsible

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21
Q

a01 neural explanation for criminality

A

brain difference in non offenders and offenders structural differences in the level of neurotransmitters

observation that criminals have hea dinjury HARMON found 8.5% US population have brain injury, 60% prison population

RAINE suggested pre frontal cortex is different, = regulated emotions and moral decision making

limbic system- implicated in violenr oddences
tries to start fight or flight, flight isnt working
makes us angry PFC controls

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22
Q

what is the pre frontal cortex for

A

regulating emotions and moral decision making

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23
Q

what are the 3 brain structures in neural explanation to explain criminality

A

pre frontal cortex

limbic system

limbic system amaygdala

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24
Q

describe the limbic system in neural explanations for criminality

A

tries to start fight or flight
flight doesn’t work so you fight
makes us angry, pfc controls and is impulsive
subcortial structure contains other structures, amagdala for motivation, response to threats

raine found asyymetries in limbic system (amygdala)

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25
Q

what is psychodynamic explanation for offending a01

A

rely on childhood experience
freud - superego

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26
Q

superego in psychodynamic explanation for offending

A

develops from identification from same sex parent in phallic stage, can internalise moral values
morality principle makes us feel good and guides us to socially approved behaviour
can feel guilt, emphasise

blackburn- if superego is inadequate the ID ‘free rein’ and act as pleasure principle, without superego criminal behaviour is inevitable

  1. types
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27
Q

what are the three types of inadequate superego - psychodynamic explanation

A
  1. weak superego- phallic stage, superego response to oepedius complex, if same sex parent is absent child can’t internalize and form superego
    no opportunity for identification
    child doesnt feel guilty conscious for wrong doing
  2. deviant superego - child internalises moral values from same sex parent, child view wrongdoing as acceptable, no guilt
  3. overharsh superego- punitive superego, constant guilt and anxiety, string rules and unforgiving, is criminal due to needing to satisfy superegos overwhelming need for punishment
28
Q

what is weak superego - psychodynamic explanation

A
  1. weak superego- phallic stage, superego response to oepedius complex, if same sex parent is absent child can’t internalize and form superego
    no opportunity for identification
    child doesnt feel guilty conscious for wrong doing
29
Q

what is deviant superego psychodynamic explanation

A
  1. deviant superego - child internalises moral values from same sex parent, child view wrongdoing as acceptable, no guilt
30
Q

what is overharsh superego psychodynamic explanation

A
  1. overharsh superego- punitive superego, constant guilt and anxiety, string rules and unforgiving, is criminal due to needing to satisfy superegos overwhelming need for punishment
31
Q

what is eyesnecks theory

A

personality type has biological basis - due to nervous system we inherit
how ns responds to stimulus arousal leading to offending behaviour
childhood experiences, thinking, personality style

three different dimensions of criminal personality

32
Q

what are three dimensions of criminal personality eyesnecks theory

A
  1. extrovert to introvert
  2. neurotic to stable
  3. psychoticism
33
Q

what is extravert to introvert - eyesnecks explanation

A

extraverts outgoing attention seeking due to chronically under arousal of nervous system, harder to condition and fail to learn from mistakes

introverts - over aroused nervous system dont seel attention

34
Q

what is neurotic to stable - eyenecks explanation

A

neurotics easy to upset, over anxious, obsessive behaviours due to nervous system easily triggered by threats

stable - remain calm, positive behaviour

35
Q

what is psychoticism- eyenecks explanation

A

measured on scale of low to high
psychotics - cold don’‘t feel compassion (heartless)

36
Q

eyenecks criminal personality link to forensics

A

criminal personality is highly extrovert, neurotic and psychotic

those with high E & N scores hard to condition, not learn rules of socially approved behaviours

37
Q

what is kohlbergs theory of moral reasoning

A

based on interviewing men and boys on reasoning for moral decisions, judging if right or wrong

3 stages
1. preconventional
2. conventional
3. post concentional

38
Q

application of kohlberg theory to criminal behaviour

A

10% adults reach level 5 and 6
believe breaking law is justified for rewards, outweigh concequences

if punishment outweight reward to stop the 10% people in post conventional

development of moral reasoning at age 10- children under 10 cant be charged with crime due to lack of moral reasoning

39
Q

what are the two psychological explanations of offending behaviour

A
  1. level of moral reasoning
  2. cognitive distortions
40
Q

what is cognitive distortions a01

A

type of thinking a person perceives - thinking in the wrong way- irrational thinking
offender deny, rationalises and justifies behaviour
1. hostile attribution bias
2. minimilisation

sutherlands differential association theory

41
Q

what is hostile attribution bias

A

what we think when we observe actions, and make assumptions of what it means
something tends to interpret behaviour as a negative way - threatening which leads to aggression and confrontational behaviour

42
Q

what is minimilisation

A

tendency to downplay seriousness of actions and reduce - impacts of offending before and after the crimes are committed
ie- stealing from someone rich means they can buy it back so they don’t feel bad

43
Q

what is differential association theory - sutherland

A

offending is a learnt behaviour - opposite lombrossos theory
criminals are made not born, crime is learnt through association in 2 ways

  1. learning positive attitudes (pro crime, anti crime people
  2. learning criminal acts (ie prison uni of crime)
44
Q

what are the aims of custodial sentencing a01

A

sent to prison for crime guilty of
determinate sentence (fixed time) mandatory (serious) whole life(risky)
aims:

  1. deterrence
  2. incapacitation
  3. retribution
  4. rehabilitation
45
Q

what is deterrence - aim of custodial sentencing

A

discouragement of future offending

individual deterrence , principles of punishment (conditioning)
deter future offending
unpleasant- reduce future offending
send message to society ‘crime not tolerated’ general deterrence

46
Q

what is incapacitation - aim of custodial sentencing

A

removing criminals from society, protect the public

public safe why they are in custody, need depends on severity of crime and scale of crime, offender committed previous serial offences

47
Q

what is retribution - aim of custodial sentencing

A

seeking revenge for offenders wrong doing

feel justice being done for society paying for wrongdoing, appropriate sentence

48
Q

what is rehabilitation - aim of custodial sentencing

A

reshaping offenders behaviour
prison should provide opportunities to develop new skills, access treatment programmes and reason for offending when released
will obey law aim to protect public by preventing reoffending

49
Q

what are the psychological effects (2) of custodial sentencing

A
  1. institutionalisation
  2. depression, self harm, suicide
50
Q

what is institutionalisation as a effect of custodial sentencing

A

inmates used to having their life determined
hard to live their life after

51
Q

what is depression, self harm, suicide as a effect of custodial sentencing

A
  • guilty anxious about starting new life after prison
    hopeless about future
    lead to depression

abrahams on (depression caused by helpless and homelessness) howard league for penal reform2008 found 10,000 self harm suicidal rates risen in young offenders institutions

52
Q

what are universitys of crime idea

A

placing young offenders in short sentences does more harm than good
more likely to reoffend, sutherlands differential association theory

training ground, better alternative for offending, dealing with low risk offenders
- community orders
- restorative justice programmes

53
Q

what is the psychodynamic explanation for offending

A

freuds theory - rely on childhood experiences

superego

3 different types
weak superego
deviant superego
overharsh superego

54
Q

what is superego - psychodynamic explanations for offending

A

develops out of identification with the same sex parent in the phallic stage, when we internalise our moral values
our conscious morality principle- makes us good and guides us towards socially approved behaviours, feel guilt, anxiety for wrong doing

Blackburn- if superego is adequate would allow the ID (innate part of personality) free rein as its our pleasure principle, without moral superego - criminality is inevitable

3 types

55
Q

what are freud 3 types of superego and explain them

A
  1. weak superego
    absense of same sex parent at 3, phallic stage, superego response to oepedius complex, if same sex parent is absent, child don’t internalise a fully formed super ego, no opportunity for identification, child not experience guilty conscience from wrong doing
  2. deviant superego
    child internalises moral values of same sex parent, child views morally wrong things as acceptable, don’t feel guilt
  3. overharsh superego
    punitive superego. individual constantly have guilt and anxiety, very strict rules is unforgiving, individual may be driven (unconsciously) towards criminal behaviour to satisfy superegos overwhelming need for punishment
56
Q

what is weak super ego

A

absense of same sex parent at 3, phallic stage, superego response to oepedius complex, if same sex parent is absent, child don’t internalise a fully formed super ego, no opportunity for identification, child not experience guilty conscience from wrong doing

57
Q

token economy a01

A

behaviour modification programme
uses principles of operant conditioning to shape behaviour in more desirable way

secondary reinforcers
derive value from association with a reward
ie - extra phone calls
time in gym
extra food
non compliance, reward is removed

58
Q

anger management a01

A

based on cognitive factors
trigger emotional arousal, aggressive act
responding aggressively, feeling they are being taken advantage of

feeling angry is reinforced by individuals feeling of control in situation when angry

taught they are losing control, develop techniques which bring out conflict resolution without violence

59
Q

what are the three stages of anger management

A
  1. cognitive preparation
    offender reflects on past to consider patterns of trigger, consider how anger leads to triggers and allow the offender to identify styles of thinking which causes anger
    redefine situation as non threatening break aggression
  2. skills acquisition
    introduced range techniques and skills
    help deal with anger provoking situations more rationally
    positive self talk, medication communication training
  3. application practice
    offenders give opportunity to practice skills in monitored environment, re-enact scenarios that esculate feelings of anger and acts of violence, ROLEPLAY positive reinforcement
60
Q

cognitive preparation
stage of anger management

A

offender reflects on past to consider patterns of trigger, consider how anger leads to triggers and allow the offender to identify styles of thinking which causes anger
redefine situation as non threatening break aggression

61
Q

skills acquisition of anger management stage

A

skills acquisition
introduced range techniques and skills
help deal with anger provoking situations more rationally
positive self talk, medication communication training

62
Q

application practice of anger management stage

A

application practice
offenders give opportunity to practice skills in monitored environment, re-enact scenarios that esculate feelings of anger and acts of violence, ROLEPLAY positive reinforcement

63
Q

restorative justice a01

A

offenders restores situatio what it was before crime was committed
moved away from crim to mainstream approach to reduce recidivism rates (carrabine et al)

64
Q

what is the process of restorative justice

A

john braithwaite ‘crime hurts, justice should heal’ managed collaboration between a victim and behaviour (offenders) promote healing and empowerment

supervised meeting between offender and victim, mediated by a trained professional

victim- has opportunity to confront, explain how offender has effected their life

offender- has to listen and understand what they have done

65
Q

what are the aims of restorative justice

A

potential to fulfil two key aims of custodial sentencing

  1. rehabilitation- allows offender to understand impact, encourage them to take their perspective, reduce possibility of reoffending
    - encouraged to take responsibility for behaviour
    - punishment passive process, can be alternative to custodial sentencing, add community order
  2. reparation
    variations- financial compensation
    community orders to repair damage done to property
    - alternatives to custodial sentence as its add on to community orders

PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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